Gilgamesh is a Failure in the Epic of Gilgamesh Essay -- essays resear

After reading The Epic of Gilgamesh, I have come to realize that Gilgamesh is not a hired gun, but a failure. His locomote does not follow the traditional circular haceks journey and he does not posses the traits that an admirable hero should have. The first part of the heros journey is the call to adventure. This is the voyage that the hero is asked to go on in order to accomplish greater good for human kind. This is the heros chance to aid his or her community, family or friends by embarking on a long journey and challenging his, or herself. Gilgamesh does not go on a journey to champion others, he goes to make himself look better. I have not established my name stamped on bricks as my destiny decreed, therefore I will go to the country where the cedar is felled (page 70). This passage shows that the only reason that Gilgamesh wants to go on a journey is for fame and popularity. The next two parts of the heros journey are the trials and the mentors. Gilgameshs journey has bot h of these components, however, he does not go through them as a hero should. In his trials, he ends up h... Gilgamesh is a Failure in the Epic of Gilgamesh Essay -- essays researAfter reading The Epic of Gilgamesh, I have come to realize that Gilgamesh is not a hero, but a failure. His journey does not follow the traditional circular heros journey and he does not posses the traits that an admirable hero should have. The first part of the heros journey is the call to adventure. This is the voyage that the hero is asked to go on in order to accomplish greater good for human kind. This is the heros chance to help his or her community, family or friends by embarking on a long journey and challenging his, or herself. Gilgamesh does not go on a journey to help others, he goes to make himself look better. I have not established my name stamped on bricks as my destiny decreed, therefore I will go to the country where the cedar is felled (page 70). This passage shows that t he only reason that Gilgamesh wants to go on a journey is for fame and popularity. The next two parts of the heros journey are the trials and the mentors. Gilgameshs journey has both of these components, however, he does not go through them as a hero should. In his trials, he ends up h...

The Effect of Teacher/Student Relationship on Learning Essay -- Educat

The Effect of Teacher/Student Relationship on skillThere are many controversies when it comes to the relationship between teachers and students. However, one idea remains, the teachers primary project is to educate while the students primary job is to learn. The techniques are what take issue among teachers and in turn that shapes the relationship between the two parties. As many of the writers discussed in class, hand over pointed out, the upbringing experience, from curriculum to academic and extra-curricular programs directs a persons path in life. Is this relationship among teacher and student that important to discuss and analyze? Does a students education reckon on the techniques of the teacher? Alternatively, do students have a debt instrument to their own education? The relationship between the teacher and the student is both important and ruinous to a students education. Educators and aspiring teachers need to know what kind of standard pressure they substructure c reate in a classroom. Students, college or otherwise, who want a good and well-off education need to know ways in which to action this goal. The relationship among the teacher and student is an ongoing everyday process at every direct of the educational system. What kinds of teaching techniques offer significant contributions towards a students education? The authors bell hooks and Lynne Cheney consider two different perspectives. In her article, Keeping stopping point to folk Class and Education, bell hooks, claims that a students social class can have an affect on his/her education. Her first experiences outside of Kentucky reflect the teaching techniques she has developed. To a southern black girl from a working-class background who had neer been on a city bus, who had... ...ging each side of the relationship, a clearer perspective and job craft can appear. There must be respect and perplexity among both the teacher and each student. Every educator can or should reflect on there own teaching patterns and shape them around suggestions do by Cheney and hooks. The teachers primary goal is to broaden and bring about awareness to individual students. The scarce way to accomplish that objective is to find a match between obtaining the power and allowing freedom in the classroom. Works CitedCheney, Lynne. PC Alive ad Entrenched. In the Presence of Others. Ed. Andrea Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York St. Martins Press, 1997. 2nd ed. 112-122. hooks, bell. Keeping Close to Home Class and Education. In the Presence of Others. Ed. Andrea Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York St. Martins Press, 1997. 2nd ed. 85 The Effect of Teacher/Student Relationship on Learning look for -- EducatThe Effect of Teacher/Student Relationship on LearningThere are many controversies when it comes to the relationship between teachers and students. However, one idea remains, the teachers primary job is to educate while the students primary job is to learn. The techniques are what differ among teachers and in turn that shapes the relationship between the two parties. As many of the writers discussed in class, have pointed out, the education experience, from curriculum to academic and extra-curricular programs directs a persons path in life. Is this relationship among teacher and student that important to discuss and analyze? Does a students education depend on the techniques of the teacher? Alternatively, do students have a responsibility to their own education? The relationship between the teacher and the student is both important and detrimental to a students education. Educators and aspiring teachers need to know what kind of atmosphere they can create in a classroom. Students, college or otherwise, who want a good and rich education need to know ways in which to achieve this goal. The relationship among the teacher and student is an ongoing everyday process at every level of the educational system. What kinds of teaching techniques offer significant contributions towards a students education? The authors bell hooks and Lynne Cheney consider two different perspectives. In her article, Keeping Close to Home Class and Education, bell hooks, claims that a students social class can have an affect on his/her education. Her first experiences outside of Kentucky reflect the teaching techniques she has developed. To a southern black girl from a working-class background who had never been on a city bus, who had... ...ging each side of the relationship, a clearer perspective and job duty can appear. There must be respect and admiration among both the teacher and each student. Every educator can or should reflect on there own teaching patterns and shape them around suggestions made by Cheney and hooks. The teachers primary goal is to broaden and bring about awareness to individual students. The only way to accomplish that objective is to find a balance between obtaining the power and allowing freedom in the c lassroom. Works CitedCheney, Lynne. PC Alive ad Entrenched. In the Presence of Others. Ed. Andrea Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York St. Martins Press, 1997. 2nd ed. 112-122. hooks, bell. Keeping Close to Home Class and Education. In the Presence of Others. Ed. Andrea Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York St. Martins Press, 1997. 2nd ed. 85

Symptoms and Diagnosis of Plasmodium Essay -- Biology Medical Biomedic

Symptoms and Diagnosis of PlasmodiumMalaria is a disease caused by a protozoan parasite and transported by the genus Anopheles mosquito. Fever is the most common symptom of malaria. Other symptoms include arthralgia and vomiting. The most common diagnosis process for this disease is looking at the patients blood under a microscope. If microscopy is not available, antigen detection tests can be used.In a year, there can be as many as five hund inflammation million new cases of malaria, and of those five hundred million, 2.7 million die. That means, on average, a malaria-caused death happens once every twelve seconds. Malaria threatens more than 40 percent of the worlds population. (NIDCD, 2002) So what exactly is malaria? What atomic number 18 its symptoms and how would someone diagnose this disease?Malaria is a disease cause by a protozoan parasite. There argon four species of these one-celled organisms that cause malaria in humans. They are known as Plasmodium the most common is Pl asmodium falciparum. To get inside our system, Anopheles mosquitoes are needed to transport this killer parasite.Fig. 1 (NIDCD 2002)Symptoms occur about ten to sixteen days after the mosquito bite. (Malaria, 2002) Fever and classic flu symptoms begin. Symptoms sometimes assume a pattern of days where the attacks vanish and reoccur again. The period of time when the symptoms come and goes depends on the species of protozoa. For the parasites P. vivax and P. ovale, symptoms come and go for two days, and P. malariae has a three day period. chill occurs as well as head and muscle aches. The person infected becomes lethargic. Arthralgia and vomiting are other common symptoms of malaria. Because the parasite is invading and killing red blood cells, malaria can res... ...Malaria.Retrieved July 26, 2006, from CDC Web site http//www.cdc.gov/malaria/faq.htmsymptoms(2005, November 11). Malaria. Retrieved July 26, 2006, fromMicrobiology Leicester Web sitehttp//www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/224/Mal aria.html(2006). Malaria. Retrieved July 28, 2006, from institute forOneWorld Health Web site http//www.oneworldhealth.org/diseases/malaria.php(2002, September). Malaria. Retrieved July 30, 2006, from USDepartment of Health and Human service Web site http//www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/medlineplus/leavemedplus.pl?theORG=%4E%49%41%49%44&theURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eniaid%2Enih%2Egov%2Fpublications%2Fmalaria%2Fpdf%2Fmalaria%2Epdf(2002). NIDCD. Retrieved July 30, 2006, from FoolingAnopheles Scientists Aim to Wipe Out Malaria by Outsmarting a Mosquitos consciousness of Smell Web site http//www.nidcd.nih.gov/staticresources/images/malaria.jpg

vietnams struggle :: essays research papers fc

Vietnams StuggleTo say the United States was dragged into the bloody mess that became Vietnam is to ignore the historical record. The question of whether or not the U.S. should ware been fighting over there is of course a different matter. One thing that cannot be questioned however, is the bravery and honor of soldiers who fought and died for their country.French Indochina, which included Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, was occupied by Japanese forces during World War II. Vietnamese Communists leader Ho Chi Minh and his Viet Minh movement organized strong resistance once morest the Japanese and in 1945 declared Vietnam an freelance republic.Fearful of the spread of communism, the United States supported restoration of French rule over Vietnam. When fighting erupted between France and the Viet Minh in 1947 the Americans aided the French and backed the French sponsored government of Emperor Bao Dai. By 1953 the US was providing 80 percent of the cost of Frances war effort.This small v illage along the border of Laos and North Vietnam was elect as a forward fire base by the French to draw the Viet Minh into a set piece battle, one they felt certain they would win. On November 23, 1953 six French parachute battalions landed to take up positions at Dien Bien Phu. By skirt the garrison had grown to 16,000 men including French Legion phalanx and Thai battalions.Viet Minh General Vo Nguyen Giap saw this as an opportunity to deal the French a heavy blow. With all effort and speed that his forces could muster artillery, mortars and troops were brought in to occupy positions in the hills surrounding Dien Bien Phu. On the eve of battle the Viet Minh had some 60,000 men in five divisions with 200 artillery pieces including anti-aircraft when the airstrip was captured on March 18 heavy anti-aircraft and rocket launchers compared to the 28 guns the French had.The attack opened up on March 13, 1954 with a massive artillery barrage. Infantry assaults shortly followed. With d arkness came stealthy attacks along the perimeter. Day after day this was the pattern of events at Dien Bien Phu. The well disciplined French troops repulsed the enemy again and again but were denied supplied drops from aircraft when the airstrip was captured on March 18. Heavy anti-aircraft fire kept transports away throughout the fighting. Finally on May 7, 1954 with no ammo and no supplies the defenders were overrun, effectively ending the struggle, which had been going on since 1946.

Osmosis Experiment :: Papers

Osmosis Experiment Aim The aim of this experiment is to show how osmosis kit and boodle in a plant cell. Plan Method The ways we impart do this experiment is firstly by ticktockting a beaker and put a 100ml of water in it, then induce a visking tube and put it in the beaker, so we dont block the holes with natural grease on our hands. After, we testament get another beaker and pour some 1% sugar solution in it. When we have make this, we get one ending of the visking tube and ruffle it, then we get some string and one person will tie the end of the tube, while the other person hold it. The visking tube then will go back in the water, while we get a dropper and the beaker of sugar solution. After we will use the dropper to slowly and neatly pour the 1% sugar solution in the visking tube we will fill it up of the way. Then again one person will tie the other end while the other person holds the tube, so now we have both end tied- we will make sure they are no leaks. When we have done this, we will take the beaker with water and visking tube to a weighing machine we will then take the visking tube out and measure the mass of it (in grams). After, we will put the visking tube back in the beaker and leave it there for about 20 minutes. When the time is up, we will measure the mass of the visking tube again (in grams). During the experiment, we will observe the visking tube during the 20 minutes and see if the mass has increased or decreased at the end of the experiment. This experiment could be repeated, but victimisation a 10% sugar solution, which would have helped us differ the different mass increase or decrease in both of them. We were planning to do this one to, but unfortunately-due to fewer supplies of visking tubes we could only

Osmosis Experiment :: Papers

Osmosis Experiment Aim The aim of this experiment is to show how osmosis works in a plant cell. Plan Method The ways we will do this experiment is firstly by getting a beaker and put a 100ml of water in it, then get a visking render and put it in the beaker, so we dont block the holes with natural grease on our hands. After, we will get an early(a) beaker and move some 1% sugar dissolving agent in it. When we have done this, we get one end of the visking subway system and ruffle it, then we get some hang and one person will tie the end of the tube, while the other person hold it. The visking tube then will go back in the water, while we get a dropper and the beaker of sugar solution. After we will use the dropper to slowly and neatly pour the 1% sugar solution in the visking tube we will fill it up of the way. Then again one person will tie the other end while the other person holds the tube, so now we have both end tied- we will make sure they are no leaks. When we have done this, we will harbor the beaker with water and visking tube to a weighing machine we will then take the visking tube out and measure the mass of it (in grams). After, we will put the visking tube back in the beaker and leave it there for about 20 minutes. When the time is up, we will measure the mass of the visking tube again (in grams). During the experiment, we will observe the visking tube during the 20 minutes and see if the mass has increased or decreased at the end of the experiment. This experiment could be repeated, scarce using a 10% sugar solution, which would have helped us differ the different mass increase or decrease in both of them. We were planning to do this one to, but unfortunately-due to fewer supplies of visking tubes we could only

Marketing Segmentation Essay

1. Geographical partition The market is divided jibe to geographic criteria wish well nation, state, religion, countries etc. Geographic data create accurate indite of specific. For eg in rainy season sells rainy clothes (like raincoat, umbrella etc) 2. Demographic segmentation it divide to the market into groups according to variable in age, family, gender, size of family, income of the consumers etc 3. Psychographic segmentation It is a science which use in better understands in all consumers according to their life style, personality, value and social-class.I am doing job in Bajaj beau monde, after this fellowship has monopolised in almost all field either in the field of manufacturing bikes or bulb, tube light etc. Earlier, the customers were non fond of verities because there were not too many verities in the market and less competitions, but, in present time a huge competition has been taken place that for survive in the market every companies should be update with the ir products, otherwise rival companies will lead them.If we talk about the bike fashion we see that our youngsters like those bikes which must(prenominal) not be strong in plunkup (60 km/h with few minutes) as well as true(p) looking means it looks diametrical from others, besides this, old agers indispensability those bikes which run comfortably that they ride normally, to keep this in their mind all companies like hero Honda release many bikes like Hero stunner, CBZ, Karizma for young generations. While, for old agers they released Slender, Passion, CD dawn etc, in same pattern Yamaha release Yamaha R15 which cost is almost Rs. 15,000 in present time, but break off a good look which attract the customers.So, after much research on these companies, Bajaj Company wants to release such bike series which is not all for young as well as senior can use it, so this company manufactured lots of bikes Pulsar and discover series for youngsters which not completely good looking but as well as having that price which every customers can afford and easily buy the products and it also give good mileage than others companies bike, and from the spirit level of view senior, whose ages is 40 years and above, they release Platina with self start facilities which is easy in riding.By all these information I want to describe that Bajaj Company segmented it products in various categories according to customers demand thats why this company is going extremely good and successful in satisfied to consumers. If we talk of the town about bulb, tube lights, this company manufactured the bulbs, CFLs, tube lights which not give perfect light but also take few electricity and go long times. Especially CFLs which cost are high but it work beyond one years and it takes less electricity and give light so much as a 40 watt tube light gives.There are many designs of CFLs has been released in the market which selling is more than bulbs and tube lights. So according to customers choi ce and willing Bajaj Company put down stylish CFLs in the market which attract consumers with its designs but also reduce the electric bill of customers and supplies good light over all houses. So like this the company segmented it electric accessories in various styles, according to customers willing and choice. Marketing Plan Marketing plan is a selling strategy which involves marketing plans for a firms marketing activities.Marketing formulation process is process of business planning in marketing plan all the firms keep an eye on all marketing activities as well as competitors and they also come to know the view of the customers about their products like they are satisfied with their products or not, if not, know the reason of disliking and what they want improve in the products etc, because satisfaction of consumers is very important, after all whole marketing processes and successes are depend only upon customers.They are the important part of business. For e. g. if we lect ure about auto mobile all companies like Hero Honda, Yamaha, Bajaj etc, manufactured ordinary bikes( like Hero Honda released CD 100 later Splendour , Yamaha CX 100 and Bajaj released scooters and later Bajaj Boxer) but, there were some problems and deficiency took place in the bikes like the capacity of the engine was not good that was giving low mileage, pick up was ordinary and ordinary looks etc, after looking and analysing all problems of customers all companies manufactured those bikes which are giving good mileage, capacity of engine is very good and all are stylish as customers wanted.For e. g. - Bajaj released discover series, pulsar series, Hero Honda released Passion, Passion plus, CBZ, Karizma etc, Yamaha released Yamaha R15 (but it is too costly), TVS manufactured Apache etc. Beside these, all companies also release scooty for college going girls. Because they knew that all ladies cant ride the bikes thats why to keep in mind the facilities of girls they produced scooty which is very light with self start facilities, without gears.These products became very popular among the girls, not girls even boy also taking ride of the scooty many times. Like this all companies conduct a SWOT (strengths, weakness, opportunities, threats) means they research on the behaviour, likes, dislikes, what are the deficiencies in the product, what else and what new their customers want in their products and what other companies provided to customers and do better than them.

The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards The 21St Century Marketing Essay

Marketing ProposalIntroduction Different businesses operate within a given food securities industry and purport at attracting more customers as hale as making profits through and through higher sales. Furthermore, it is often the aim of any(prenominal) given play along to ensure that it provides harvest-feasts that impart increase its market share and make it competitive in the market (Khan, 97-107). Therefore, every business lead devise marketing strategies that bequeath tending it gain competitive advantage as well as make profits and have more customers for its products. When starting a business and one wants to enter in to a market with a new product, it is important to have a marketing strategy which addresses the marketing mixture the company entrust apply as well as the business environment it will operate in (Khan, 97-107). The following proposal involves the details on the marketing strategy that the company will apply for the Organic Mint Chocolate Sugar sco uring.Business Environment Business environmental is made up of the internal and external factors which affect the operations of a business. In this case, the business environment for the Mint Chocolate product is suit equal for the product. On governmental basis, the political en businesses environment has changed a lot over the years and it has opened up for business across the world (International Cocoa Foundation, n.p). There is political will for across many countries in terms of business policies which businesses mickle rely on. The issue of trade barriers have been addressed through trade treaties which allow businesses to dilate in to other countries. Therefore, based on the business regulations and rules governing business registration, production of goods as well as the issue of taxes that will be paid, the environment is welcoming and hence there is a chance of development and growth (Khan, 97-107). There is political stability which is suitable for the business hence growth will be experienced within the next 2 years. There have been a lot of scientific developments which have helped businesses to expand (Khan, 97-107). Due to the increased technological development, the company will reach more customers through the custom of social media as well as the internet for marketing. Furthermore, the cost of production will be lower hence the values that will be charged for the product will be affordable hence there is a chance of attracting more customers (Constantinides, 407-438). The market for debaucher products is quite huge as part of the microeconomic factors which will affect the business. Companies such as Barneys opened up the market and from observations there is a huge market across the world. Furthermore, the demand for the beauty products is withal readily available although the company will face competition of which it plans to overcome through its marketing mix.The potential competitors There are several competitors in the market which the company will need to face. Some of the potential competitors include BircyhBox, Sabon NYC, as well as ULTA. The company will need to formulate a marketing strategy that will fight the competition and increase the profitability of the company (Constantinides, 407-438). However, it is to be noted the market for the organic chocolate beauty products has grown over the years. Therefore, despite the stiff competition, the company through its pricing strategy will be able to overcome the competition.Potential Business Partners It is important for a business to engage business partners so that it provoke be able to realize the benefits of economies of carapace that are available. In this case, the potential business partners of the company will be company such as Barneys, Rickys NYC, and Urban Outfitters as the major retailers that can help the company prosper (Constantinides, 407-438). The relationships with these companies will be in terms of the distri unlession and the reta iling of the product so that the company can be able to reach a large number of customers that visit these retail stores.Market trends Over the years, there has been great development in the market with customers embracing the use of beauty products. The market trends have inclined towards the increased use of beauty products hence the growth in the business. The consumers however have become more aware about their health hence considering that this product is made of organic cocoa, it may be a challenge. However, due to the growth in the market, consumers are likely to rack it since the pricing of the product will be affordable.Potential market segments The potential market segment that the company will be targeting with this product is the youths and young adults. The feminine youths enjoy products that are made of chocolate which hold some emotional attachment in terms of the love and building relationships and feeling confident. Furthermore, the female sex will form the larg est share of the market that will be targeted as females are known to love beauty products than the males. Therefore, in this case, the targeted market segment will be made of female youths aged amidst the age of 15 to 29 years youths as well as some adults aged between 30 to 45 years, although the product will be available for the older generation too.Geographic Location Beauty products are used world long and therefrom it is a matter of the company choosing which location it will concentrate its business. The US market seems to have grown a lot in terms of the market as well as the demand for the product. Therefore, since this is the initial business, the company will locate its business in the US, the city of New York. The city provides a wide market for the product in addition to the ease of dispersion of the product to the customers. Therefore, the first business will be located in the US but as time goes by and with continued growth, the company hopes to expand its operatio ns in to other countries such as England, and across Europe before it can expand to the African Continent.Marketing mix It is important that a company should ensure that it has a marketing mix that meets the needs of the consumers as the primary aim is to capture the market and ensure the company has a higher market share (Khan, 97-107). The marketing mix of this company will include the product, the price of the product, the distribution as well as the promotion of the product.Product The company is planning to produce the Organic Mint Chocolate Sugar Scrub which will be made from organic cocoa among other ingredients (Constantinides, 407-438). The Mint Chocolate Sugar Scrub will be made in form of chocolate interdict and packaged in paper packs unlike others that are packed in polythene packs. This is to help conserve the environment. Furthermore, this product will come in garland of colours but the flavour will remain to be mint flavour since no companies produce mint chocolat e beauty products.Pricing The beauty products that are offered have been in the market for some time and hence there is need to ensure that the price for the Mint Chocolate Sugar Scrub is favourable for the customers. The aim of the company is to attract customers hence the price will be lower than that of the current players in the market (Constantinides, 407-438). Furthermore, the price will also depend on the size of the chocolate bar whereby the bigger the bar, the higher the price although for start, all bars will be of medium uniform size. Therefore, the price will be based on the current market prices but is expected to rise after the business stabilizes.Place (distribution) The place or the distribution of the product is important. Since this is the first time this product will be entering the market, it will be important to place it strategically where customers can locate it easily. The product will be available in major retail stores such as Cos Bar, Sephora and Blue Merc ury among others (Constantinides, 407-438). Furthermore, the product will also be available online on the website of the company since there will be an online store.Promotion It is important to promote the product since it is new in the market. Promotion will help create market awareness of the product as well as help in expending the market share of the company. The promotional strategy that the company will use includes online marketing whereby the company will open up a social media account to post its products and reach out to customers (Constantinides, 407-438). Furthermore, the company will promote its products through television adverts as well as free samples since it is the first time the product is entering the market. All these promotional methods will modify the company to reach out to the customers and build a strong customer base. In conclusion, the company expects the business top start and develop at a gradual pace over the next 2 years after which rapid growth is e xpected over the next 5 years.ReferencesConstantinides, E. The Marketing blend in Revisited Towards The 21St Century Marketing. Journal Of Marketing Management 22.3/4 (2006) 407-438. Business Source Complete.Web. 13 Dec. 2014.International Cocoa Foundation.The Chocolate Industry February 2014 Retrieved from http//www.icco.org/about-cocoa/chocolate-industry.html on thirteenth December 2014Khan, Muhammad Tariq. The Concept Of Marketing Mix And Its Elements (A Conceptual Review Paper). International Journal Of Information, Business & Management 6.2 (2014) 95-107. Business Source Complete.Web. 13 Dec. 2014.Source archive

Outline and evaluate psychological explanations of schizophrenia Essay

?Outline and evaluate psychological explanations of schizophrenia (24 marks) Brown and Birley studied stressful flavour events in the role of relapse in schizoids. They found that 50% of pot experience a stressful life event e. g. death, relationship break-up, job loss etc. in the 3 weeks precedent to a schizophrenic episode. A control sample reported a low and unchanging level of stressful life events over the same period. tho not all evidence supports the role of life events.For example, Van Os et al reported that patients were not more in all probability to have a major stressful life event in the 3 months preceding the onset of their illness. In a prospective part of the study, those patients who had experienced a major life event went on to have a lower likelihood of relapse, further-more life events after the onset of schizophrenia may be a consequence earlier than a cause of schizophrenia. Bateson et al (1956) suggested that children who frequently receive contradicto ry messages from their parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia e. g.a mother hugs her child exclusively then disapprovingly tells him off for being clingy. This is known as the double-bind theory. There is evidence to support the double-bind theory. Berger found that schizophrenics reported a heightser recall of double-bind statements by their mothers than non-schizophrenics. However this evidence might not be reliable, as patients recall may be affected by their schizophrenic. Other studies are less supportive. Liem measured patterns of parental communications in families of schizophrenic children and found no difference when compared with normal children.Expressed emotion (EE) involves high levels of negative emotion (e. g. criticism) or high levels of positive emotion (e. g. over-protectiveness). Linszen at al (1997) found a patient returning to a family with high EE is four times more likely to relapse than a patient returning to a family with low EE. There is an iss ue as the whether EE is a cause or an effect of schizophrenia. Hogarty et al found that such therapy can significantly reduce intervention was the key element of the therapy or whether other aspects of family intervention may have helped.Cognitive psychologists intend that disturbed thinking processes are the cause of schizophrenia. It is thought that the mechanisms that operate in normal brains filter and process information are defective in the brains of the great unwashed with schizophrenia. People with schizophrenia have no filter so they let in irrelevant information, which they are unable to interpret correctly. Studies have shown that people with schizophrenia are poor at laboratory tasks which require paying attention to only some stimuli.However this theory doesnt really explain the causes of schizophrenia more than just the symptoms of the disorder. Hemsley (1993) suggested that the central deflect in schizophrenia is the breakdown in the relationship between already stor ed memories and new incoming information. People with schizophrenic cannot activate their schemas so are subjective to sensory overload and do not know which aspects of a situation to attend and which to ignore. There has been promising look with animals offering support for Helmsleys ideas.Frith (1992) suggested that people with schizophrenia are unable to distinguish between actions that are caused by external forces and those happening internally. He believes that people with schizophrenic have the inability to generate willed action, the inability to monitor willed action and the inability to monitor the intentions of others. Frith suggests that these processes are part of meta representation that allows us be assured of our goals and understand the belief of others. Friths theory has provided a comprehensive framework for explaining the symptoms of schizophrenia. However, the theory is still regarded as speculative.

Photosynthesis Rate

Photosynthesis Lab Before you begin, save this Lab Report Template on your computer as LastNameAPBIOPhoto pick up all the instructions beneath BEFORE you start 1. entertain go to the following website http//www. biocourse. com/mhhe/bcc/domains/biolabs. xsp 2. Scroll down and crack on the link to Photosynthesis. It is the 6th one down on the left. 3. Read the instructions for entering the virtual lab. There is background information in the online lab manual that will be helpful in interpreting your results. Please review the steps in the dismount and dark reactions of Photosynthesis BEFORE or WHILE you are completing this lab show.You may want to have your textual matter open to refer to while you do the lab. You may also need to use additional sources of information. 4. Remember to cite ALL external sources that you use, using decent MLA style. 5. YOU DO NOT NEED TO ANSWER THE ONLINE QUESTIONS, but you should think about them as you proceed thorough the lab. Note Lab Instruct ions start on the next page investigate 1 Habitat and photosynthetic Rates Predict the relative photosynthetic rates of plants from a shaded rainforest floor, a coastal region with moderate light, and a sunny desertRainforest Prediction ____________________________________________ shore Prediction ________________________________________________ Desert Prediction _______________________________________________ a. Continue to the simulation screen and mop up Clear Data and click the Native Habitat tab b. Select Rainforest floor and then click Graph Data c. seize for Coast and Desert. d. Record your results in the Table 4-1, reading the data from the online display e. Graph your data using Create-a-Graph (http//nces. ed. gov/nceskids/graphing/) Results try 1Data Table 4. 1 Habitat and Photosynthesis at unlike Light Intensities Light Intensity (foot-candles)Photosynthesis Rate (mg carbon dioxide/g fresh leaf) RainforestCoastDesert 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Analysis Experimen t 1 a. How is photosynthetic rate measured? b. Explain why the photosynthetic rate is negative at low aims of light intensity. (HINT Is there a net uptake or release of CO2 at low light intensity? ) c. Which of the 3 types of plants had the highest photosynthetic and which had the lowest? d. Did this observation agree with your predictions? . Indicate factors that might be associated with the differences in photosynthetic rates in the 3 types of plants. f. At what light intensity level did photosynthetic rate level off? Was this light intensity the same for all plants? g. Explain why the photosynthetic rate levels off. h. Is there a sex act between light intensity and leveling off of photosynthetic rates in the different plants? i. Explain how plants become acclimated to light levels normally found in their native habitat. Conclusion Experiment 1 Short, testable statement HINT Rank the plants from high to low photosynthetic rate) Experiment 2 Light Color and Photosynthetic Rates P redict the affinity of carbon dioxide level and photosynthesis rates Prediction ____________________________________________ a. Click Clear Data and then the CO2 levels tab b. Select 274 ppm (parts per million) and click Graph Data c. Repeat with 370, 740, and 1000+ ppm CO2 d. Record your results in the Table 4-2, reading the data from the online display e. Graph your data using Create-a-Graph (http//nces. ed. gov/nceskids/graphing/)Results Experiment 2 Data Table 4. 2 CO2 Levels and Photosynthesis at Different Light Intensities Light Intensity (foot-candles)Photosynthesis Rate (mg CO2/g fresh leaf) 274 ppm CO2370 ppm CO2740 ppm CO21000+ ppm CO2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Analysis Experiment 2 a. What is the relation between CO2 levels and photosynthesis rates? b. Indicate where and explain why the photosynthesis rates level off at different levels of light intensity. c. Are CO2 levels a rate-limiting factor? Explain. d. What is a greenhouse gas? e. What is global warming? f.Su ggest a possible relation between plant function, greenhouse gases, and global warming. Conclusion for Experiment 2 Short, testable statement (HINT Indicate the relation of CO2 levels and photosynthesis rate) Experiment 3 Predict the relation of light color and photosynthesis rates Prediction ____________________________________________ a. Continue to the simulation screen and click Clear Data and then the light color tab b. Select white light and click Graph Data c. Repeat with red, blue, green, and yellow light d. Record your results in the Table 4-3, reading the data from the online display e.Graph your data using Create-a-Graph (http//nces. ed. gov/nceskids/graphing/) Results Experiment 3 Data Table 4. 3 Light Color Photosynthesis at Different Light Intensities Light Intensity (foot-candles)Photosynthesis Rate (mg CO2/g fresh leaf) WhiteRedBlueGreenYellow 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Analysis Experiment 3 a. Which light is most effective in ride photosynthesis rate? b. At wha t light intensity does the photosynthesis rate level off for white light? c. Why does the photosynthesis rate level off for white light but not for the individual colors? d.Which colors, other than white, are associated with the highest photosynthesis rate? With the lowest? e. What colors of light do plant leaves absorb during the growing normalize? f. What colors of light do plant leaves reflect during the growing season? g. How does chlorophyll interact with accessory pigments to broaden the spectrum of light for photosynthesis? Conclusion Experiment 3 Short, testable statement (HINT Rank the colors from high to low photosynthetic rate) Reflection Statement about what you learned from this lab simulation. (NOTE The reflection should be AT lea

Asia europe transport problems

Recent political and economic developments at the global and regional levels confound resulted in a more conducive development environment in the Asiatic and Pacific region and the opening-up of opportunities for outside(a)istic trade and tourism development for the ontogenesis countries of the region, including those which atomic number 18 shoot downlocked. Nevertheless, the lack of unhindered nettle to the sea adds broadcast costs and clock time to international trade trans deeds. In addition, landlocked countries face greater move risks and hazards than countries which book direct access to nternational sea passageways.The United Nations has addressed the specific concerns of landlocked countries in a number of documents. Among those which ar directly related to conveyance are the following General Assembly resolution 50/97 of 20 December 1995 on specific actions related to the particular contracts and problems of landlocked developing countries Global framework for excursion channeliseation cooperation amidst landlocked and transit developing countries and the donor community (TD/B/LDC/AC. /6) Problem of physical home development of the landlocked countries, ncluding economies in transition (E/ESCAP/SREC(7)/3) and Progress report on measures degestural to improve the transit enamour environment in Central Asia (A/ 51/288). With Just-in-time delivery becoming almost a obligatory for efficient international trade, particularly in an increasingly competitive market environment, adequate attention must be given to resolving problems in witch areas which are crucial for the efficient development of the international trade of landlocked countries.The inauguration in may 1996 of a new cartroad line linking the Islamic state of Iran nd Turkmenistan, thus completing a new silk fulminate off route from mainland China to atomic number 63 via the landlocked countries of Central Asia the priority attention of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the development of the necessary physical radix, as well as bilateral and multilateral agreements for international transport particularly to and from Central Asia the establishment in May 1996 of a forum for the comprehensive development of regions on the second atomic number 63-Asia continental bridge which is of richness to Mongolia and the landlocked countries of Central Asia the initiative of he Association of South East Asiatic Nations (ASEAN) on the development of a rail link from Singapore through with(predicate) Malaysia, Thailand, Viet Nam or the Lao Peoples classless Republic and on to Kunming, China and the recently sinless study of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) on transport and transit needs, including those of Nepal and Bhutan, are vivid illustrations of the commitment of the member countries of ESCAP to the development of a land transport meshwork in Asia in The present musical note highlights near of the issues and problem s of physical and soft nfrastructure in the main modes of transport (with emphasis on land transport, inland waterways and connections to seaports) which serve the landlocked countries in the region, namely Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Mongolia, Nepal, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. l.MAJOR ISSUES AND PROBLEMS IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR To improve the efficiency and competitiveness of international trade and tourism in the landlocked countries of the region, the following issues relating to major modes of transport need to be addressed (a) choice of alternative transit routes b) reduction of transit costs and time along the transport routes and (c) cooperation among the organizations pertain. A. Choice of alternative transit routes Although more of the landlocked countries in the region have several potential routes to seaports, most of them are heavily dependent on one main transit route because of li mited resources and, in close to cases, the limited options open to them in the past as a result of the political situation at that time.This render these countries unsafe to disruption of transit operate owing to national disasters, technical and functional breakdowns, labour disputes and conflicts. Moreover, in view of regionalization and globalization of economic development, divergent access routes to different seaports may be necessitate for efficient transport of goods to trade partners rigid in different parts of the globe. Therefore, it is important for any landlocked country to have a choice of transit land transport routes (and inland waterways if applicable) to the main seaports in Asia, as well as a choice of air transport routes and connections to major subregional, regional and global destinations. In addition, in view of the development of trade within Asia, as well as betweenAsia and Europe, there is an increasing withdraw for reliable and efficient intra-Asi a and Asia-Europe land bridges with connections to landlocked countries in the region. The landlocked countries need to be part of an integrated approach to the development of an intra-Asia and Asia-Europe land transport mesh topology of international splendour. 1. Formalization of the international land transport network in Asia The Commission at its forty-eighth session, held in Beijing in April 1992, endorsed comprising the Asian Highway the Trans-Asian Railway and facilitation of land ransport, as a priority for phase II (1992-1996) of the Transport and Communications Decade for Asia and the Pacific.The objective of the hear is to countenance in creating a land transport network in Asia to facilitate international trade and tourism. The route selection criteria include capital-to-capital links and connections to main industrial and uncouth centres, and connections to major seaports and river ports, as well as to major container terminals and depots. The network should also abide interregional land transport linkages, particularly with the region of the scotch Commission for Europe. The find enjoys support from 25 ESCAP members, including only the landlocked countries except Armenia, Azerbaijan and Bhutan which have yet to Join the project. Armenia and Azerbaijan, however, are participating in activities that are related to ALTID.With the successful implementation of phase I (1994-1995) of the ALTID project, considerable fall out has been achieved in the formulation of the international land transport network in Asia linking landlocked countries. The Asian Highway network (see figure l) has been revised in the Confederate corridor connecting the Islamic Republic of Iran South Asia South-East Asia (which includes he landlocked countries of Afghanistan, Nepal and the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic), and a new network formulated in the corridor South-East Asia China Mongolia. A study on the development of highway networks in the landlocked Asi an republics (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) to identify the potential Asian Highway routes in those countries was completed in 1996.The Trans-Asian Railway network includes the following land bridges between Asia and Europe Europe-Russian Federation and/or China-Korean peninsula Europe-Islamic Republic of Iran-Central Asia-China ( rude(a) Silk Railway) Europe-Islamic Republic of Iran-South Asia-South-East Asia. With the completion during phase I ofa feasibility study on connecting the rail networks of China, Kazakstan, Mongolia, the Russian Federation and the Korean peninsula, and a project on the Trans-Asian Railway in the Indo-China and ASEAN subregions, the network has been formulated in the northern corridor of the Asia-Europe routes (see fgure II) which includes the landlocked countries of Kazakstan and Mongolia, and in the Indo-China and ASEAN subregions (see figure Ill), the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic.A potential Tra ns- Asian Railway network in the southern corridor of the Asia-Europe routes (of importance to Afghanistan and Nepal) was also identified (see fgure V) through a related preliminary study. The Commission at its fifty-second session reiterated its strong support for the ALTID project and emphasized the importance of its completion and of improving the operational efficiency of both the Asian Highway and Trans-Asian Railway networks, including the Asia-Europe links, at the earliest possible date. The Commission adopted resolution 52/9 of 24 April 1996 on Intra-Asia and Asia-Europe land bridges. rogramme of the saucy Delhi proceeding Plan on Infrastructure Development in Asia and the Pacific.It also approved the plan of action for the implementation of phase II (1996-1997) of the ALTID project, which includes a detailed study on the southern corridor of the Trans-Asian Railway, and it decided that a study on the development of the Railway in the corridor connecting South-East and Nor th-East Asia (including the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic and Mongolia) should be undertaken and that resembling studies on the development of the Asian Highway and the Trans-Asian Railway in the corridor connecting northern Europe with the Russian Federation to the landlocked countries of Central Asia and the Islamic Republic of Iran should be included in the projected phase Ill (1998-1999) of the project. 13. When completed and fully operational for the whole of Asia, the land transport network could provide landlocked countries in the region with a choice of alternative land transport routes to major seaports in Asia, and land transport and land-cum-sea links to any another(prenominal) country in Asia and Europe.However, to realize much(prenominal) a potential, the landlocked countries must have unhindered access to the network. . Unhindered access to the international land transport network in Asia The construction of the regional land transport network and all related inf rastructure is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for reliable and efficient international transport. A legal framework is also required to provide the basis for unhindered access to the routes for efficient international trade and tourism. A coordinated plan for the development of international land transport routes and services based on agreed performance parameters and standards is also essential.This has been vividly demonstrated by the experience of Europe, where the ollowing four major all-European transport agreements have been adopted (a) The European Agreement on Main internationalist Traffic Arteries (AGR Agreement) of 1975, which defines the major European roads and establishes uniform technical characteristics (b) The European Agreement on Main external Railway Lines (AGC Agreement) of 1985, which determines the major lines and infrastructure parameters of the European railway network (c) The European Agreement on Important International Combined Transport Lines and Related Installations (AGTC Agreement) of 1991, which is the prototypic European ultilateral treaty governing international combined road/rail container and piggyback transport (d)International infrastructure agreement covering European inland waterways Oanuary 1996). recommended that a legal framework should be developed for Asia in the form of ESCAP agreements on the Asian Highway and Trans-Asian Railway, taking into consideration the related experience of the European Union. With such ESCAP agreements in place, all the countries in Asia, including the landlocked countries, would enjoy free access to road and rail transport routes of international importance. 3. Inland waterways of international importance to some of the landlocked countries in Asia Inland water transport can play an important role for the regional or international trade of some landlocked countries.A number of rivers in these countries can potentially provide the cheapest means of communication with neighbo uring countries, or even through them to other countries in the world. For instance, a number of tributaries of the Brahmaputra River feed out of Bhutan through India to Bangladesh the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic is b bon toned or bisected by the Mekong River which flows through China, Myanmar, the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Thailand, Cambodia and Viet Nam Mongolia gives rise to the Yenisey, the Angara and the Amur-Heilongjiang rivers which link the country to China and the Russian Federation and Nepal has three of the four largest tributaries of the Ganges River flowing from India to Bangladesh.The improvement and development of inland water transport infrastructure and services would benefit all of these countries in various ways, including cost savings, environmental protection and energy savings. In addition, transit by water is more easily accepted by operators of seaports located at river mouths and it is less prone o losses, pilferage and breakage than transit by road and rail. At the present time, however, the rivers are not fully utilized for sailplaning in most landlocked countries. Most of the rivers are still in a natural state without appropriate improvement and marking. Water levels in the rivers are not always regular or sufficient and the gradient is often very steep. In some river sections, the waterways are full of rapids and shoals which endanger vessel gliding or even interrupt it entirely.Some rivers are blocked with siltation, cables, pipelines, bridges, dams and other structures along or crossing them. Few aids to navigation are nstalled to mark the navigable channels in the rivers. All these factors limit the free use of the rivers for transport. However, the potential of inland water transport for international trade should be evaluated. In order to promote the use of rivers for transport which would serve the needs of landlocked countries, ESCAP is implementing several projects under the regional action programme of the New Delhi Action Plan on Infrastructure Development, which was launched by the Ministerial Conference on Infrastructure in October 1996.One of the projects is on the harmonization of requirements relating to international mportance of common or well harmonized rules, and provide guidance with regard to navigation rules, aids to navigation, the carriage of dangerous goods, facilitation measures and waterway classifications for internationally navigable rivers. Another important project is on the development of inland water transport infrastructure and services. This project includes a regional strategic study for the development of inland water transport in the ESCAP region. An intensive investigating will be carried out to identify the problems faced by the inland water transport sector. The situation ill be compared with successful experiences in other parts of the world.This study should provide a clear picture of the advantages and disadvantages of inland water transport in spe cific situations, identify opportunities for development and suggest regional actions and national policy options to expand the use of rivers for navigation in the ESCAP region. Expert group and policy-level meetings will be held to discuss the findings and suggestions of the study. Necessary follow-up actions will be taken at both the regional and national levels. With regard to some landlocked Asian republics, the same opportunity may exist or transit transport through inland waterways. Specific studies need to be carried out to identify the potential for the expanded use of inland waterways. 4. Air transport It goes without truism that reliable and efficient air transport is crucial for the economic and social progress of landlocked countries.While the emphasis in this paper is on related aspects of land transport, inland waterways and maritime linkages and transport, the following activities of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) have been included in the regio nal action programme 1997-2001) of the New Delhi Action Plan on Infrastructure Development in Asia and the Pacific and endorsed by the Ministerial Conference on Infrastructure programme of transition to the new polished aviation communications, navigation and surveillance and air traffic management system programme for economic reform in civil aviation in Asia and the Pacific programme for the protection of the environment in the vicinity of airports improvement and harmonization of flight safety standards expansion of the UNDP-promoted ICAO TRAINAIR programme and poverty alleviation through country-style airfield development in least developed countries. These projects address major problem areas in air transport in the Asian and Pacific region, including in the landlocked countries. B.Reduction of transit time and costs along the transport routes of While the formulation of an international land transport network in Asia is in progress through the implementation of the ALTID pro ject, there are already a provide the landlocked countries with access to seaports. These are reflected in table 1. 1. Reduction of transit time and costs at set up crossings and ports Even when all necessary infrastructure is in place, the delay of vehicles at border rossings can entail tremendous losses of resources and time. A similar problem occurs when the waiting time is long for ships to be loaded and unloaded in seaports which serve landlocked countries. When international inland waterways are available for use, delays of cargo at cross-border points have similar economic effects. a) Facilitation of land transport at border-crossings (i)Commission resolution 48/11 on road and rail transport modes in relation to facilitation measures Recognizing that harmonized transport facilitation measures are a prerequisite for efficient international trade and transport along road and rail routes of nternational importance, the Page 1 1 Commission at its forty-eighth session adopted res olution 48/11 of 23 April 1992 on road and rail transport modes in relation to facilitation measures. By that resolution, it recommended that the countries in the region, if they had not already done so, consider the possibility of acceding to seven international conventions. The status of the accession of the landlocked and neighbouring countries in Asia to the international conventions is shown in table 2.It is clear that in order to facilitate international and bilateral trade and tourism the constructive cooperation of the ountries is required to work a minimum legal basis for land transport cross-border traffic. In this respect ESCAP adopted a subregional approach to providing assistance to countries. A special seminar for the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) subregion (with the participation of Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) on the implications and benefits of accession to the conventions was held in Tehran in N ovember 1994. A similar seminar for the North-East Asian countries (including the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic and Mongolia) was conducted in May 1996 in Bangkok.Another seminar for countries of the Greater Mekong subregion (including the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic) was organized Jointly by ESCAP and the Asian Development Bank at It is very encouraging to note that Uzbekistan has acceded to six conventions, and Kazakstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have each acceded to four. However, Afghanistan, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan are each party to only two Azerbaijan, to one and Bhutan, the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Mongolia and Nepal to none at all. A similar situation of accession to few or no convention occurs in the neighbouring ountries of Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Myanmar, Pakistan, Thailand and Viet Nam. Such a situation calls for the urgent implementation of Commission resolution 48/11 by all landlocked countries and their neighbouring countries. Transit facil itation Transit transport plays a particularly important role in the development of landlocked countries.Two international conventions, namely the Convention and Statute on Freedom of Transit, Barcelona, 20 April 1921 (popularly referred to as the Barcelona Transit Convention), and the Convention on Transit Trade of Landlocked States, New York, 8 July 1965 (New York Transit Convention) assist in facilitating the transit transport of landlocked countries. However, only a few of the Asian landlocked countries and their neighbouring countries are contracting parties of these conventions, as indicated in table 3. There is clearly great potential to improve transit transport in the region. It is recommended that the landlocked countries and the neighbouring countries should accede, if they have not already done so, to the Barcelona and New York transit conventions as soon as possible.The development of a subregional multilateral transit treaty/agreement also ppears to be a promising appr oach to transit facilitation. Preparation of such a draft transit treaty for the ECO region, for example, could be carried out as part of the project on international transport development in the ECO region, which is being proposed Jointly by ESCAP, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and ECO for possible keep by the Islamic Development Bank. (iii) Multilateral and bilateral agreements on land transport facilitation Multilateral and bilateral agreements which govern land transport at border crossings are of great importance to the landlocked countries in Asia.Given the role f the agreements in promoting international traffic, a database covering mainland Asia is being established at ESCAP as part of the ALTID project. As indicated above, there are several main rivers in Asia which may be used by landlocked countries for international transport. To facilitate navigation and river basin development activities, a draft agreement on commercial navigation on the Lanca ng Jiang Mekong River (upper reaches of the Mekong River) between the Governments of China, the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Myanmar and Thailand has been drawn up and it is pass judgment that this agreement will be signed in the near uture.The Agreement on Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River Basin was signed on 5 April 1995 between the countries of the Lower Mekong River basin (Cambodia, the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Thailand and Viet Nam). The Mekong River Commission is the institutional framework through which the Agreement will be implemented. The bilateral agreement between Bangladesh and India, which is signed on a biennial basis, could also be of practical interest to landlocked countries. Similar arrangements which take into account the related experience in other regions could e of great practical value in facilitating international inland water transport in Asia, including in landlocked countries. c) Facilitation of maritime traffic In addition to facilitation for land transport and transport on inland waterways, facilitation of maritime traffic plays an important role in improving the efficiency of the international land-cum-sea transport systems which serve the landlocked In an era of large ships with efficient cargo operations resulting in very short stays in port, the delays caused by documentary film red tape result in extra costs and time. To improve the situation, countries in the region having seaports (including those serving landlocked countries) are adopting the Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic, 1965 (FAL Convention) as amended. The objective of the FAL Convention is to simplify the procedures for the inward clearance of ships, cargoes, passengers and crew on arrival in a port.This can be achieved by the utilization of six standard declaration forms and the adoption of common standards for processing documentation. However, among the ESCAP members and associate members, only Australia, China, the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Hong Kong, Fiji, India, the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Marshall Islands, New Zealand, the Russian Federation, United States of America and Vanuatu are party (as of January 1997) to the FAL Convention. It is clear that there is potential to improve the efficiency of the land- cum-sea routes serving landlocked countries if all the coastal countries concerned accede to the FAL Convention.To assist the countries in the process of acceding to the Convention, ESCAP, in cooperation with the International Maritime Organization, ommenced in 1993 a four-year programme of country-level workshops and subregional seminars to promote the adoption of the FAL Convention and the implementation of its provisions. (d) Corridor studies To assist member countries in Asia, including landlocked countries, in the facilitation of cross-border traffic, ESCAP undertakes corridor studies to identify non- physical impediments to the flow of goo ds which cause delays and add unnecessary costs to the transport process. One such study, for example, was completed in 1994 in the corridor Singapore Malaysia Thailand the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic Viet Nam. The study was extended in 1995 to cover Cambodia and in 1996 to include Myanmar.The study revealed the following impediments restrictions on the endeavor of vehicles and drivers across borders restrictions on the movement of cargo between the port and inland origin/destination without customs inspection in the port restrictions on the movement of third country or transit cargo limitations on the effective use of multimodal transport and failure to make use of available engineering science and information to plan port and cargo-handling operations. The reports lso provided recommendations for dealing with these impediments. A study carried out by ADB on regional technical assistance to the Greater Mekong subregion for mitigation of non-physical barriers to cross-bord er movement of goods and people (completed in October 1996) should also be mentioned in this context.Similar studies are to be carried out as recommended by the Ministerial Conference on Infrastructure along the major intra-Asia and Asia-Europe land bridges, with the next ESCAP study planned for the corridor Port of Bandar Abbas (Islamic Republic of Iran) landlocked countries of Central Asia China. One other impediment frequently found in the landlocked countries in Asia is a lack of a proper coordinating mechanism at the national level among the ministries and agencies involved in cross-border procedures and formalities. 2. Improvement of transport logistics Multimodal transport, freight forwarding and electronic data interchange (ED) play an increasingly important role in the development of international trade. Just- in-time delivery, which is becoming a prerequisite for competitive international trade, increases the need for a highly efficient integrated system of despatch, tra nsport and

7s Model Samsung

Case Study 2. Trade and Innovation in the Korean Information and Communication Technology Sector1 . Onodera, Osamu Kim, Hanna Earl OECD Journal General Papers 2008, Vol. 8 Issue 4, p109-155, 47p, 34 Charts, 20 Graphs This includes the strategy of the musical arrangement, the innovation strategy, the culture in the organisation towards risk-taking and change, the motivation of employees, cross functional learning, knowledge management and the character of internal and external networks. Employees willingness to take risks very much depends on the existence of a noblame culture.A strong culture fosters innovation solely if it is built on norms such as accepting failure (Goffin & Mitchell, 2005, s. 265). Multifunctional learning fosters innovative and learning by doing on the part of the employees and help them keep up to date with the latest developments. It alike serves as a basis for creating a climate that can bring to the highest degree organizational transition (Takeuchi & No naka, 1986). Organizations need to increase their innovative capacity and unmatched powerful mechanism for doing so is to extend participation in the process to a much wider population.Mobilizing high levels of participation in the innovation process is unfamiliar and, for many organizations, relatively untested and apparently risky (Bessant, 2003, s. 767). Mobilizing and managing knowledge becomes a primary election task and many recipes offered for achieving this depend on mobilizing a much higher level of participation in innovative problem-solving (Bessant, 2003, s. 767) Companies increasingly cannot expect to wareho enjoyment their technologies, wait until their vexationes make use of them (Chesbrough, 2003, p. 32) Thirdly, the 7-S framework contains the very process of innovation. The process is divided into a series of relatively well-known steps in the funnel preliminary that seems to be standard in theory and praxis these days. However, it has been chosen to illustrate this differently than conventionally, because The assumption of a sequential progression without feedback loops and recurring tasks is unrealistic (Saren, 1994, s. 633). Hence, the representative of the process circling the innovation fundamentals.So what is contained within the process element of the 7-S framework? Again this can be illustrated by utilise a quotation from round of the state-of-the-art literature There is no doubt that for managers to increase the victory rate of their new harvest-time efforts, they should master techniques for the planning, development, deployment, evaluation and control of necessary competencies throughout the new product (NPD) process, i. e. , from the generation of the new idea to the launch of the product to the securities industryplace (Tzokas et al. , 2004, s. 619).In separate words, the innovation process is measured by spirit at project management, project planning, top management involvement, project managers, and the applicat ion of innovation fundamentals across the seven stages of the process. Companywide, we will build a content-rich business structure that fosters innovation in hardware and packet. Building from our creative syllabus, we will develop new businesses in health, the environment, and renewable energy. A conjunction that epitomises the transformation of the Korean ICT sector is Samsung Electronics.Samsung Electronics is one of the world attracters in semiconductors, in particular DRAMs and fiash memories. bland Crystal Displays (LCDs), mobile phones, and digital appliances such as fiat impanel TVs. time Samsung had quickly grown from an assembler of b leave out and white TVs in the 196()s to one of the merchandise leaders in DRAMs in the late 1980s, making use of unlike technology and based on foreign markets, it was generally a market follower rather than an innovator even in the late 1980s. Changes in the business environment in the early nineties, i. . greater competition at the lower end of the market due to the increasing use of evolving yield networks in the Asian region by Japanese producers, increased competition in the Korean domestic market due to progressive trade and investment liberalisation, and breakup of the generalised system of preference (GSP) privileges in export markets, triggered a transformation of Samsung with a greater emphasis on technology, increased globular product and sourcing, and intensify international gross revenue and distribution.The fact that Samsung now has research facilities not only in atomic sum up 63, US and Japan but excessively in Russia, India and most youthfully China, that it now has 27 manufacturing facilities in 12 countries, with all overseas I 1ECD JOtJRNAL GENERAL PAreRS mass 2008/4 ISSN -IMS-2821 oe C D 2008 112- grimace domain 2 production reaching 35. 9% in 2007, and that it has doubled its sales tietwork from 32 sales organisations in 23 countries in 2000, to 60 in 48 countries iti all regions, shows how globular Satnsungs operations have become as a result hich has become one of the leading star signs in the ICT industry worldwide from a modest bearing in the past two decades. The study assesses how regulatory, trade, and investment policy choices have helped, alongside other key policies, to provide the right framework conditions for technology denseness and innovation. In addition, it examines how the private sector, and more particularly Samsung, has taken advantage of those conditions to enhance its innovation capacity. The objective of this study is not to provide a comprehensive register of Koreas development or to evaluate Koreas innovation policy.Rather it is an attempt to shed some light on the relationship between trade and innovation from the recent rapid growth of Koreas ICT industry in the past 15 familys. focuses on Samsungs strategies in international RD, manufacturing, sourcing, supply chain management, sales and distribution. (Other key det erminants of Samsungs success include its strong branding and selling strategy, its investment strategy of investing in large capacity when other companies are cautious, and effective human mental imagery management.The Samsung Group is today the largest chaebol in Korea, which has businesses spanning from electronics and electro-mechanics, shipbuilding and technology, petrochemicals and fine chemicals, life insurance and securities to transaction and constructions. Samsung Electronics is its largest companion with 2006 unifyd sales of OECD journal GENERAL PAIRS VOLUME 2008/4 SSN -1995-2S21 O OECD 2U0B CASE STUDY 2 1 4 1 USD 92 billion and net income of USD 8. 5 billion.It employs 128 000 people in more than cxx offices in 57 countries, and is organized into five major businesses semiconductors (memory chips, system LSI devices and hard disc drives), LCDs (TFTLCD products in various applications). Telecommunication networks (mobile phones, telecom systems), digital applia nces (washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners and stoves) and digital media (TVs, audio/video products, PCs and computer peripherals) (Samsung. 2006). It is among the global leaders in semiconductor such as DRAM.SRAM chips, and flash memory. CDMA mobile handsets, and digital media technologies such as Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs), and has fast become a truly global multinational high society. For example, value of tbe Samsung brand was USD 16. 1 billion in 2006 in the Brand mensurate Survey conducted by Business week magazine and Intcrbrand, or 20 among all corporations in tbe worid and 7 in the IT sector. Samsung Electronics is also ranked 27* in the worid on Fortune magazines list of Global Most Admired Companies.Samsungs success in particulariy noteworthy in light of two factors first, the companys medium sized domestic market (Korea has a population of 48 meg) and, second, its origins and recent history. Samsung started off in 1938 as a trading company, and patch it entered two manufacturing sectors i. e. sugar and textiles) in the mid-1950s, it was not until 1969 that the firm entered the electronics industry with the incorporation of Samsung Electronics Co. One major characteristic of Samsungs entry into the electronics industry was its reliance on foreign technology. Table 21 provides a brief overview ofSamsungs ontogenesis to the 1990s. Table 21. Samsung tecbnological capabilities and features of international production 1970s 1980s 1990s 20008 Key activities Main sources of capabilities Level of technologicai capabilities International production and scope of interaction Conglomerate variegation J/V partners, Original Equipment f/lanufacturer (OEM) buyers and overseas training Capabilities in mass production (TVs) Entry into DRAM market OEM buyers, foreign licensing, about-face engineering Broader product range (VCR, MWO, DRAfvl, components) but very weak in ability to introduce a major change of productUS & EC for lowend markets (l imited success). c erstwhilentrate intrafirm interaction Organisational reform, internationalisation Acquisitions. strategical alliances, in-house R&D Continued weakness in product development International production of lowend items in peripheral regions. go toward decentralised intraand inter-firm interaction Transformation into a global company. In-house R&D, strategic alliances and increasing emphasis on intellectual property. Strengthened R&D and founding capabilities, with a core competency in product development. Creation of a global production network ainly in the Asian region but also in other parts of the globe as well. Source Kim (1994) for 1970s 1990s. IH-XD JOlRN. M. GENERAL PAPERS VOLl/ME 2008/4 -ISSN -1995-2821 OECD 2008 142-CASE STUDY 2 1970s Dependence on foreign technology Given its lack of expetience in electronics, Samsung had no choice but to turn to foreign sources of technology in management, production in marketing and Samsung establish a close rela tionship with Japanese and US firms. It created several joint ventures with foreign technology suppliers such as NEC, Sanyo, Corning Glass Works and other companies. It reached numerous agreements to assemble electronic products for foreign original equipment manufacturer (OEM) buyers, who provided it with human body and engineering support as well as with an international market. Samsung also relied extensively on outside suppliers for the purchase of core components. However. Samsung and its affiliated partners have increased its capabilities for parts supply and for some parts even began to ship parts to Korean and Japanese customers. Samsung electronics expanded and improved its assembling capacity, producing ten million black and white TV sets by the end of the 1970s.Most sales were through OEM channels. OEM buyers provided Samsung with product design, quality control and engineering support, leaving Samsung to increase its manufacturing capability. Samsung continued to incre ase access to other international distributors and was able to renegotiate TU and ease initial geographical restrictions imposed by its jomt venture partners. Samsung expanded its OEM channels and capabilities by adding two new products VCRs and microwave ovens. As Samsung was unable to gain foreign licensing for these products, it used reverse engineering, and succeeded in developing its own microwave in 1978 and VCR in 1979. Samsung further diversified into the telecommunication sector through a 1977 JV with GTE of the US. In 1974, Samsung acquired Korea Semiconductor Co. (KSC), a joint venture between Korea Engineering & Manufacturing Co. and Integrated Circuit International, a US firm, which manufactured simple integrated circuits for electronic watches, which formed the basis for Samsungs entry into the dynamic random access memories (DRAMs) business. 980s and early 1990s Upgrading of technology entry into DRAMs The 1980s was the period of expansion and diversification for Samsung.As Samsung began to experience limitations on growth in the CTW and VCR markets due to lack of component availability. Samsung made a decision to enter the IC business. To achieve its objective, Samsung once again tried to learn foreign technology through a broad range of formal and informal contacts, and decided to enter the DRAM market which was considered more suitable for Samsung which had familiarity with incremental process innovation and large scale manufacturing efficiency both of which could become sources of competitive advantage in this sector.In 1983, Samsung clear a DRAM design from micrometer Technology, a US company, and entered the merchant market for DRAMs which require the most advanced manufacturing technologies and huge capital outlays. In 1983, Samsung successfully developed a 64K-DRAM, followed by a 256K in 1984. and a lM DRAM in 1986. Samsung continued to upgrade its technology and decreased its reliance on outside technology, except for capital equi pment and thus rose from a virtually zero share in memory chips in 1984 to be the world market leader in DRAMs by 1992.Table 22 shows how Samsung has gradually caught up with technology leaders Samsung kept closing the gap between itself and the technology leaders, and has been the leader in DRAM development since 1992 when it the first company in the worid to develop 64 Mbit DRAM. OECD JOURNAL GENERAL PAPERS VOLUME 2008/4 ISSN -1995-2821 O OECD ZIKlti CASE STUDY 2 1 4 3 Table 22. Samsung technology gap in DRAM 64Kbit 256Kbit IMblt 4Mbit 16Mblt 64Mbit 256Mblt IGbIt 4GbIt First development company Intel NEC Toshiba Hitachi jj Samsung SamsungSamsung Samsung ontogenesis date by Leader 06/1979 01/1981 07/1984 08/1987 08/1992 08/1994 11/1996 12/2000 Development dale by Samsung 12/1983 01/1984 06/1986 02/1988 07/1990 08/1992 08/1994 11/1996 12/2000 Gap between Leader and Samsunq months 3 months . . . 1 Design licensing from Micron Technology Process technology from Sharp 2 Samsu ng with two Korean partners Source. Kim (1997), Siegel and Chang (2006), Samsung website (http//www. samsung. com). By the late 1980s, Samsung was able to produce a wide variety of semiconductors for use in phone sets, computers, private automatic divide exchanges (PABXs). acsimile machines, and VCRs (Kim. 1997). As a result, it was able to reduce dependency on Japanese suppliers for core components. Nonetheless the volume of the DRAMs produced in Korea were exported to foreign countries and the other non-memory chips required (I. e. microprocessors) continued to be evented from other countries (Kim, 1998). The strong resource shift to semiconductors meant that development of other capabilities suffered to some extent. While Samsung Electronics Co. had a minor change capability, it remained weak in major change capability (Kim, 1997).As a result, it continued to use license technology from foreign companies for its main export products in this period. OEM channels remained domin ant in the company sales at over 65% of total sales even in 1988. and Samsung maintained close relationships with OEM buyers such as JC Penney, Sears Roebuck, GTE, Toshiba, IBM, Hewlett Packard, RCA and Crown Corporation (Kim. 1997). It was towards the end of the 1980s that Samsung slowly started to build its own technological capability with the acquisition in 1988 of Micro Five Corporation, a US company, and with the establishment of Samsung Infonnation Systems America Inc. SISA) in Silicon Valley to support export activities as well as to come across information on ICT products. It was also in this period that Samsung began its search for foreign talent as a means to compensate for its lack of internal expertise (Box 3). It was also in the 1980s that Samsung started to internationalise its production for certain products such as colour TVs, audio products and microwave ovens. Samsung also sowed the seeds of its telecom business at this time, acquiring Korea Telecommunications i n 1980 and started production of a cellular phone in 1986.Box 3, Technology transfer through hiring One of the ways Samsung has overcome its lack of technical capabilities has been through recruiting top level engineers from world leading competitors. In early days, Samsung focused on recruiting Korean engineers working at foreign companies. Hwang Chang-gyu, a former president of Samsung Electronics, was recruited from Intel, and Chin Daeje. another former president, worked at IBMs Watson Research Center before being hired by Samsung, to name just a few.These people have significantly contributed to the transformation of Samsung from a me-too memory producer to the world leader by bringing cutting-edge technical knowledge and managerial skills. Samsung also hired foreigners in order to fill the gap it identifies to upgrade its technical capabilities. It is widely known that Shigeo Fukuda, who was hired from Kyocera, played a critical intent in the Samsungs new initiative in 1993 k nown as New Management. It is believed that his critical comments on Samsung during the 1980s pushed the company to enhance its product development processes and design capabilities.More recently hiring has become increasingly diverse from all over the world including David Still (US), David Henri (France). Roman Sepeda (US). Nelson Allen US). Hao In (China), and Tung Wang (China). OECD JOURNAI. GENERAL PAPERS VOLUME 2008/4 ISSN -1995-282 O OECD 2008 144-CASE STUDY 2 Transformation into a global company 1993 and onwards Several changes in the business environment faced Samsung in tbe early 1990s. First, lower trade barriers and transportation costs and enhanced ICT from the latter 1980s and the 1990s resulted in greater fragmentation of the ICT industry.In the late 1980s, Japanese producers rapidly increased overseas production in response to increased competition from Korean competitors and the rapid appreciation of the yen, which led to greater competition at the lower end of the market. Secondly, Koreas domestic electronics market which had long been protected from foreign competition was gradually liberalised as Korea prepared to join the ranks of industrial nations. In 1989. import quotas on consumer electronics were removed. By 1993 there was a plan to cut the middling tariff rate below 10% for all imported electronics goods.The number of items takings to the import diversification programme wbich shielded the Korean market from Japanese competitors was steadily decreased with a schedule put in place for abolishment in 1999. Thirdly, on the export side, the generalised system of preferences privileges were withdrawn from Korean electronics goods by the US and EC in 1988. The Won also started to appreciate against the sawbuck making exports from Korea less attractive. The above changes in the business environment led to a strong initiative headed by the Chairman Kun-Hee-Lee in 1993 lo become a truly global company. Under this new initiative, Sa msung began its transformation from a successful company to one of the global leaders in the industry. There was a renew emphasis placed on quality, and several new products were subsequently introduced such as the TFT-LCD and CDMA mobile handsets. The Asian financial crisis presented a further challenge as the domestic market plunged, and Samsung had to undergo a fundamental restructuring of its activities, exiting from numerous businesses, cutting 30% of its workforce and cutting its debt-toequity ratio from 300% to 30%.However, the Asian crisis also presented an opportunity for Samsung to consolidate its domestic market as competitors weakened their positions, while shifting more of its resources to the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and mobile phone businesses which has allowed it to diversify its revenues. The growth has been particularly strong in the CDMA mobile handset market, where Samsung has leapt from almost a negligible share in the global market to number one in CDMA p bones with a share of about 30%, and number two in the global market overall bebind Nokia.Below we focus on one-third main strategic responses of Samsung greater emphasis on technology, global productions and sourcing, and international sales and distribution. Greater focus on technology (globalisation of R&D and strategic alliances) Samsungs RD expenditure in Korea bas continuously increased both in terms of amount and as a percentage of sales, on average 18% yearly from 2002 to 2006, and now approaches 10% of total sales (Figure 21). Tbe proportion of R&D staff has jumped from 16% in 1997 to 24% in 2006, and the company plans to push it up to 32% by 2010.The number of scientists and engineers at various research centres in Korea has increased by 70% since 2001. Table 23 indicates how Samsung has aggressively recruited scientists and engineers with graduate degrees tbe number of Ph. D. s is up by 50% and the number of Masters degree holders has been more tban doubled. Samsung b as also changed its patenting activities since the early 1990s (Table 24). While Samsung only swingeing 1 704 patents for applications made before 1994, it was granted over 2 600 patents for applications made in the three yeai- period 1994-1996, and has consistently been granted over 1 000 patents since then. * This shows how Samsung has OECD JOURNAL GENERAL PAPERS VOLUME 2008/4 ISSN -IWS-2821 OECD 200s CASESTUDY2-145 become aggressive in the application of patents in the United States as part of its technology strategy. Figure 21. Samsung Electronics R&D expenditures 12. 00* 10,00% 0. 00% 2002 2UU3 2001 2005 2006 Table 23. Nunfiber of scientist and engineers in Samsung research laboratories Period Ph. D. Masters Bachelor Total 2001-02 2003-04 2005-06 1 039 873 1 537 2 980 3 453 8 320 6 038 6815 7 363 10 057 11 141 17 220 Table 24.Number of Samsung patents in the United States 1 Patents by year of grant Patents by application year Patents by year of grant cont. ) Patents by appl ication year (cont. ) Pre-1994 850 1 704 2001 1 446 1 550 1994 412 498 2002 1 328 1 804 1995 423 656 2003 1 313 2412 1996 485 1 532 2004 1 604 2 005 1997 584 1 613 2005 1 641 890 1998 1 305 1 845 2006 2 451 216 1999 1 542 1470 2007 2 723 13 2000 1 437 1 336 Total 19 544 19 544 Source found on US Patent and Trademark Office (2007). Samsungs efforts to strengthen its research capabilities have not been limited to Korea.In order to improve responsiveness to the local demand conditions and knap into the pool of cutting edge scientists and engineers, the company established R&D centres in various paits of the worid (Table 24). Samsung started by setting up Samsung Information Systems America (SISA) in Silicon Valley in 1988, followed by Samsung Electronics Research Institute in London in 1991. These two research facilities are typical examples of R&D facilities set up to monitor abroad as is the case with the Dallas and OECD JOURNAL GENERAL PAPERS VOLUME 2008/4 ISSN -1995-2821 O Cff iCD 2008 146-CASESTUDY2Yokohama facilities in 1997. More interestingly, the company has rapidly expanded its global network of research centres with the objective of utilising the foreign pool of research talent starting with Russia (1993), India (1996) and the three recently added research centres in China focusing on semiconductor, mobile telecommunications, and electronics. Samsung has also seriously increased the size and capabilities of the foreign research centres its research centre in Moscow had only one Ph. D. and seven Masters in 2001 and now has ten Ph. D. s and 29 Masters its Bangalore software facility had no Ph.D. , 17 Masters, and 37 Bachelors in 2001 and now hires four Ph. D. s, 179 Masters, and 164 Bachelors. Table 25. Samsung RD facilities Research centre Samsung Information Systems America Samsung Electronics Research Institute Moscow Samsung Research Centre Samsung Electronics India computer software Operations Dallas Telecom Laboratory Samsung Telecom Rese arch Israel Samsung Yokohama Research Institute Beijing Samsung Telecommunication Samsung Semiconductor China RD Samsung Electronics China RD Location San Jose London Moscow Bangalore Dallas Yakum Yokohama Beijing Suzhou NanjingEstablished 1988 1991 1993 1996 1997 1997 1997 2000 2003 2004 Core tasks Strategic parts and components, core technologies Mobile phones and digital TV software Optics, software algorithms and other new technologies System software for digital products, protocols for wired/wireless networks and handsets Next generation telecommunications systems Hebrew software for mobile phones Core next-generation parts and components, digital technologies Mobile telecommunications standardization and commercialization for China Semiconductor packages and solutions Software, digital TVs and MP3 players for ChinWhile, Samsung had already begun to use strategic alliances especially for acquiring technologies, the increasing RD capabilities of Samsung is allowing it to benefit from strategic alliances in developing new cutting edge technologies (Table 26). Because there is an increasing convergence of technologies, for example between telecommunications and broadcasting, mobile phones and personal computers, telecommunication equipment and household appliances, it is becoming increasingly difficult and expensive to conduct the research and development necessary to cover all technology areas in one company.Samsung, therefore, has been using its technology base to conduct strategic alliances to build new strategic capabilities. OECD JOURNAL GEKERAL PAPERS VOLUME 2008/4 ISSN -1993-2821 O OECD 2130 i Partners Table 26. Date pickaxe of recent strategic alliances Areas of cooperation CASE STUDY 2 -Ul Nokia April 2007 Limo Alcatel Sony (S-LCD) IBM Intel & Microsoft Discovery Salvarani Sun Microsystems VDL Charter Bang & Olufsen Kent State University Qualcomm Toshiba (TSST) Sony (S-LCD) IBM Dell Hewlett-Packard Disney Napster Sony NEC Matsushita Microsoft Jan uary 2007October 2006 July 2006 walk 2006 March 2006 September 2005 July 2005 July 2005 February 2005 January 2005 November 2004 October 2004 July 2004 April 2004 Maroh 2004 March 2004 January 2004 September 2003 September 2003 September 2003 August 2003 July 2003 January 2003 November 2001 Co-develop technology for handsets and DVB-H standardisation solutions Establish a joint venture for developing a Linux platform (SAMSUNG Electronics, Vodafone. DoCoMo, Motorola and NEC) Cooperate on satellite DVB-H Jointly invest in 8th-generation LCD line (2200mm x 2500mm motherglass)Co-develop and market technologies for industrial printer solutions Co-develop UMPCs Cooperate on high-definition confine Co-develop new built in products combining household electronics and furniture Cooperation in solution business and next-generation business computing systems Cooperate in commercialisation of planetal DMB Co-develop cable broadcasting receiver and set-tcp box for digital TV Full Duplex servi ce Partner in home theatre business Co-develop flourish technologies Cooperation in MDDI (Mobile Display Data Interface) technology Develop and market optical storage devicesEstablish joint venture for 7th generation LCD (1870 x 2200 mm) line Co-develop nano-logic process technologies Supply multi-functional laser printers Share technology for ink-jet printers Supply Movie Beam set-top box for VOD Co-develop and market SAMSUNG-Napster player Expand and consolidate memory stick business Cooperate in high-end business computer systems Standardise technology, co-produce and jointly market DVD recorders Co-develop digital household electronics Source Based on Samsung homepage. OECD JOURNAL GENERAL PAPERS VOLUME 20U8/4 ISSN -1995-2821 O OECD 2008 148-CASE STUDY 2Globalisation of the production network and global sourcing Samsung Electronics began to build its global production network in the early 1980s when it established its first manufacturing facilities in the U. S. and Portugal. It went on to establish a subsidiary in the UK (1987). Mexico (1988) and Thailand in 1988. Since then, the company has continued to expand the network by adding new countries to the network as well as setting up new facilities in countries where it has already established its production facility. In 1989. Samsung further set up production subsidiaries in Spain, China. Hungary and Turkey.Table 27 lists the countries where the company has its production facilities and illustrates that the company has been selectively expanding its global production network. Table 28 shows how overseas production is gradually increasing in recent years reaching 35. 9% in 2007. It should be noted that while this figure is a measurable increase from the levels in tbe early 1990s, it remains considerably smaller than comparable figures for Japanese electronics companies which exceeded 70% as of the early 1990s (Table 8). The major products manufactured in overseas facilities are consumer electronics produ cts such as TVs.VCRs, refrigerators, and microwave ovens. The companys Mexican production subsidiaries produce flat-screen TVs and LCD TVs and export them to the US and other Latin American countries. As Mexico is a member of NAFTA, Samsungs exports to the U. S. from Mexican plants are exempt of import tariffs. Samsung Electronics Hungarian Co. Ltd.. established in 1989, produces 3. 2 million TVs annually and exports them to Western and Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. Recently, Samsung announced to increase its production capacity of the mobile phone manufacturing plant in Haryana, India from one million to three million units per year.In addition to the importance of the local market, India is considered as a strategic alternative to China to hedge tbe uncertainty from relying heavily on Chinese operations. In the semiconductor sector, Samsung pursues a triad strategy Giheung complex in Korea as the R&D and frontier semiconductor manufacturing hub. the American facilities in A ustin. Texas as strategic manufacturing hub for the Americas, and the Suzbou complex in China as the global testing and packaging hub. Table 27. Samsung electronics global production network* Korea join America Asia Pacific Europe South America Middle East and Africa CIS 2000 Six Facilities Mexico, U. S. China(7), India, lndonesia(2), Maiaysia(2), Thaiiand, Vietnam Hungary, Spain, U. K. Brazil None Uzbekistan 2006 Eight Facilities Canada, Mexico(2, U. S. Ctir)a(13). india(2). Indonesia, Malaysia(2), Philippines, Thaiiand, Vietnam Hungary, Slovaiiia None None None The number in parentheses is tlie number ol subsidiaries in the country Countries in italics are those newly added to the list between 2000 and 2006. Source Samsung Electronics website (www. amsung. com/us). OECD JOURNAL GENERAL PAPERS VOLUME 2008/4 ISSN -I9I5-282I O OECD 2008 CASE STUDY 2 1 4 9 Table 28. Samsung production network (KRW million) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total Domestic production Overseas production 64 817 456 100% 43 582 016 67. 2% 21 235 440 32. 8% 81 57 24 963 009 100% 632 359 70. 3% 330 650 29. 7% 80 629 510 100% 57 457 670 71. 3% 23 171 840 28. 7% 85 58 26 834604 100% 972 765 68. 7% 861 839 31. 3% 98 507 817 100% 63 175 968 64. 1% 35 331 849 35. 9% Source Korean Government. International sales and distributionSamsungs initial expansion of international sales was through Samsung Corporation, the group affiliate involved in general overseas trading in the early 1970s. While this may have aided Samsung initially, it blocked Samsung Electronics further expansion and in 1978, Samsung established its own sales affiliate in the United States for the first time. Since then, Samsung Electronics has continuously expanded its sales and distribution network around the world (Table 29). In 2000, the company had a network of 32 sales organizations in 23 countries and its primary emphasis was on North American and European markets.However, the company doubled its sales subsidiaries to 60 in 48 countries over six years, and it is now paying more attention to emerging markets, including Asia Pacific. Middle East, Africa. CIS, and South America. According to Samsung Electronics homepage as of 2008, Samsung had a total of 53 sales subsidiaries and branch ofllces in 36 countries. Samsung has achieved over three quarters of its sales overseas in recent years (Table 30). Table 29. Samsung electronics global network of sales subsidiaries* 2000 2006 North America Canada, Mexico, United States (6) Canada, Mexico, United States (4) Asia PacificEurope South America Middle East and Africa CIS Australia, Hong Kong. India, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan France, Germany2), Italy, Poland, Portugai, Sweden, The Netherlands(2), U. K. (2) Argentina, Colombia, Panama South Africa, U. A. E. Russia Australia, China(6). Hong Kong. lndia(2). Indonesia. Japan. Malaysia. Pakistan. Philippines, Singapore. Taiwan, Thailand. Vietnam Austria, France, Germany(2), Greece, Hungary. Italy, Pola nd, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Netherlands. U. K. (2 Argentina, Brazil. Chile, Colombia, Panama, Peru Algeria. Iran.Jordan, Kenya. Morocco. Nigeria. Saudi Arabia. South Africa. Tunisia. Turkey. U. A. E. Kazakhstan. Russia. Ukraine. Uzbekistan The number in parentheses is the number of subsidiaries in the country COUNTRIES in italics are those newly added to the list between 2000 and 2006. Source Samsung Eiectronics website (www. samsung. com/us). UKCD JOURNAL GENERAL PAPERS VOLUME 2008/4 ISSN -1W5-2S2I OECD 2008 150-CASE STUDY 2 Table 30. Samsung sates network 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Domestic sales Overseas sales % of overseas sales to total Source Korean Government