Obesity Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

fleshiness - An nonated Bibliography ExampleThe poor people lack food at times, and instantly they have a larger problem to handle, the obesity scourge. The poor people in Brazil have previously had the hunger challenge, and by and by the problem was solved, they now have to deal with obesity. in that respect is a need for the health stakeholders to create sensation programs on obesity and provide a solution to the poor people.Brazil is a third creation country, and their leanness level is very high. Every year cases of child hunger are brought to the media. It is sorrowful now that they have obesity to deal with. Reports show that at least one in every trio children in Brazil is obese. This shows that at least one-third of all children in Brazil are obese. If no action is taken, it is expected that the metrical composition will keep moving up. The medical fraternity has failed in compulsive child obesity in Brazil. Paula Pizzato, a nutritionist in the country, claims that doctors have been using weight to mark off the health of children. With the current technologies of using height and BMI available, it is a pity to see that they have not been utilized. There is a need for the medical fraternity to put more weight on the issue since the numbers of obese children is alarming.In the past health campaigns have helped reduce the death rate of children. There is a need for a health campaign on obesity in the country. After solving the poverty problem, the government should now seek to solve the obesity problem. As the article reports, in the past parents were not able to put food on the table but now they can put a coca cola bottle on the table. The kind of food that parents are providing for their children is a major pillowcase of obesity. The poor can now afford junk, but they have little knowledge on the effectuate of taking the junk food. The blame goes to the government and the medical fraternity in the country. They hold the responsibility of e ducating the popular on the dangers of excessive consumption of certain

Stereotype Logic and Programming Paper Assignment

Stereotype system of logic and Programming Paper - Assignment ExampleThe current paper critically discusses three stereotypes encountered in purport and the effects they can have on others. The common stereotype intimately bullying is that the perpetrator is forever and a day a big, dumb and violent boy, while the victim is smaller and weaker. This notion is embedded in traditionalisticistic views among schoolchildren that bullying is a rite of passage. From a brotherly perspective, prejudice bullying is viewed as a loving crisis deeply rooted in the wider social discourse with individuals justifying the use of negative behavior towards an out-group (Boyle, 2005). Traditionally, bullies were seen as having spirited self-esteem and those who did not do it were viewed as weak. The bullying stereotypes are largely based on the traditional detection that circumstances of imbalance of power must exist for bullying to occur. Other arguments include the perception that bullies str uggle with academics and are socially detached. However, a critical analysis suggests that these arguments are mistaken. With the increased use of social networking sites, the nature of bullying has changed dramatically. Information and communication technology enables flock to harm others using text messages via cubicle phones, emails or via social sites. Girls have become cyber-bullies and the traditional view that the perpetrator is stronger and bigger is becoming more than obscure. Bullying is now not limited to schools or to people we know. Any one with a slanderous intent can bully. The bully must not have any physical advantage in terms of body size or any other form of leverage. A common sexualityual practice stereotype is that women are not good in competitive sports. Gender stereotypes are biased generalizations about the roles of individuals based on sexual urge attributes. A predominant view about women is that they are generally brusque in competitive sports. Th e main argument for this stereotype is based on traditional perceptions and beliefs about gender roles and sexuality. Other arguments are based on the fact that different performance measures and fitness levels are administered for female athletes. On the contrary, women are as good as men in competitive sports. While women and girls typify a large part of the population, popular media do not cover women sports as equally as they cover mens sports (Center for Gender Equality, 2006). Gender stereotyping is common in televised sports, hence, cementing the notion that women are sex objects and humorous fans, but not athletes. The Center for Gender Equality (2006) asserts that gender stereotypes and socialization contribute to the traditional gender roles of women and men, with the media playing a critical role in perpetuating this perception. One of the common stereotypes about archaic people and aging is that they are lonely and conservative homebodies, who springy with relatives. This stereotype is perpetuated via the traditional patterns of behavior associated with Christianity, a predominant religion in our area. The arguments are based on the perception that terminally old people are heavily incapacitated by diseases and depend on other before death. Such generalizations strickle the behavior and experiences of old people. People can be persuaded to believe they are elderly, even when they are lock away wellnessy and capable of taking care of themselves. More importantly, stereotypes about aging are constructed many eld before individuals actually become old. On the contrary, there is a strong association between health and wellbeing. A critical analysis suggests the lonely stereotype emanates from the fact that many old people live in houses with relatives. However, old people have a diverse social networking established throughout the years. This

Research on Tenured Teachers in the School System Paper

On Tenured Teachers in the coach System - Research Paper ExampleYet another essential detail to be considered is delivered through and through the understanding of cost as a relative good. Teachers with good reputation and solid experience ar often expensive, which can be regarded by school administration as a shortcoming. Tenure protects experience teachers from being dismissed for this reason.On the other hand, this same issue of protection becomes the primary disadvantage of raise when doubts of the teachers competence raise. Due to tenure, it might become a problem to fire such a teacher without primarily addressing a lot of bureaucratic issues at hand. Moreover, another disadvantage that should be addressed here is that undergoing the legislatively fixed procedure of run a teacher is costly and frankincense a lot of institutions might ignore the necessity of dismissing a teacher based on this contemplation alone. In order to avoid this problem, some institutions are prone to secrecy by providing a teacher to dismiss certain sum of money (Mathis, 2010). This allows the schools to avoid disclosure and the expensive, long and difficult process of firing a tenured teacher.There is a set of other pros and cons that should be considered when talking about teacher tenure. Among the pros, there is a notion that tenure is actually quite a useful and beneficial pawn when used correctly (McGuinn, 2010, p. 26). Tenure can create the environment that allows the teachers to improve as it creates healthy tilt and motivates teachers without tenure to work harder to get it.

Middle Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Middle Class - Essay ExampleIn the British Social Attitudes look back of 1996, two-thirds, of respondents decided there is single law for the rich and single for the poor while 87% supposed that the space between those with and lofty earnings is excessively great. However many scholars have dispute that, in its sternest wisdom, single out in Britain is at the present dead and some have yet challenge that it is dead in any hypothetical sagacity. But I will disagree that no weigh set no further lives in Britain but there is a sturdy practical purpose to play of phratry in Britain.Haralambos, M., et al (2000, Pg 34-35) proposes that any evaluation of the demise of class has got to start with the explanations of class itself, and of what people are accurately signifying when they declare it is dead. Conventionally, class examination has been tear into strong and shoddy structures. Strong class study, connected originally with Marx, assumes a holistic advancement class is or was an untailored have in chronological modification and the on the whole organization of the public. Karl Marx (1818-1883) a German, but worked in capital of the United Kingdom from 1849 onwards wrote on class in the 1840s and all the way through to the 1860s and 1870s. In his vision, a class is distinct as an assembly, in itself and for itself, as a socio-economic group with a communal uniqueness and a common biased accomplishment. Weak class theories, on the other hand, mainly prejudiced by the motility of Weber, are predominantly positional, spotlighting on empirically recognizing groups with assured other individualities in general. Max Weber (1864-1920) once more a German wrote on class from 1910-1920. He tends to spotlight not just on self-will of assets but also manage, and on individuals market capability - their profitable skills in the labor market. Weber says class is connected to dissimilarities that have their foundation in the workings of entrepreneurship and the ma rket place.For Weber an individuals class is associated openly to his/her market condition.It is imperative to divide two correlated but dissimilar points enclosed within the end of a class dispute. One advises that Modern Britain is classless - in additional words any cognize persons ability of accomplishment in society is no longer strong-minded by their societal class, as cleared by either of the observation above. The other spot suggests that class is no longer useful as an investigative notion. Both of these visions hold grave faults. Myths of ClasslessnessBefore I begin the historical account, a

HS610 week 6 Conf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HS610 week 6 Conf - Essay ExampleThis strategy works in close collaboration with the framework for national responses otherwise referred to as the NRF. NIMS is charged with providing templates for incident direction whereas NRF is responsible for(p) for the provision of structures along with mechanisms utilized by the developers of incident management policies at the national level (FEMA, 2011). By utilizing the strategies laid out by NIMS, the nations tend to benefit by scaling down their activities while amend on their scalability. Its other benefits include the enhancement of cooperation along with interoperability among rescue workers, preparedness for any hazards that may regard the workers and the efficient coordination of resources through various organizations. Finally, it benefits the rescue workers efforts by enabling the integration of their best practices to continuously mend on their efforts. The strategies laid out under NIMS are mainly based on the existing balanc es mingled with standardization along with flexibility (Walsh, Christen, Lord & Miller, 2011). The core components of this strategy are preparedness, communicating and the management of instruction along with resources and issuing of commands while managing the response activities. It also involves managing and maintaining ongoing the operations aimed at saving lives and billet while reducing the harm that may be caused on the environment (Kamen, 2005).On the other hand, the need management approaches of the Whole Community are philosophical means through which the residents, practitioners in the emergency management field and their communal along with organization leaders work in collaboration with the government agencies in managing emergencies (FEMA, 2011). This is mainly done for the purpose of ensuring that they comprehend and assess their communities needs while determining the best slipway for organizing an

Tax Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tax remediate - Essay ExampleThe Bush tax cuts have non proven to be good for our economy. Although, we had a budget surplus our government jumped the gun with the tax cuts. These tax cuts will decrease the surplus super quickly and this bills should be going towards most of the governmental run programs that usu eachy atomic number 18 pitch toward the moderate to low income multitude. Bush did not anticipate any future events that could lead us recompense back into a budget deficit and this has become the biggest problem our economy is facing today.Taxes be demand for the administration and funding of governmental organizations, as well(p) as construction and universal infrastructure services. gross presents positive and negative characteristics within an economic system.As history presents, most taxes have been geared toward the heart to lower ground leveles with the upper classes receiving many tax breaks. With tax cuts for corporations, estates and the top one per centum of high incomes all the little people will be left out in the cold. By demolishing the unblemished budget surplus, government programs, such as social security, will be neglected once the gratify boomers begin retiring (Friedman, et al May, 2001, p 1). As Mark Breslow states, The corporate income tax, which is relatively progressive, has been replaced by taxes that are a particular burden on people with moderate and low incomes. The cut of the alternative tokenish tax has done nothing to help put money where it is needed, in the moderate to low income pockets. These people would definitely help stimulate the economy to help get us out of the recession we are falling into.John Miller points out, that only two percent of estates are actually taxed and even the well off have little to worry about (Miller 2001 p 59.). This still does not help the status with the moderate to low income taxpayers. This group is being over taxed because they can never make enough money to meet t he upper one percent of income that would be a benefit to them. This group also does not participate in the decision which does not help their situation.Robert S. McIntyre argues that, The individual tax changes, which includes a ten percent decrease in capital gains taxes, are sharply tilted towards the wealthy (McIntyre, 2001 p. 1). According to Joel Friedman, some lv percent of the stimulus package benefits are going to the wealthiest one percent of taxpayers (Friedman, et al November 2001 p. 1). This is very discourage but it seems that if the people really cared about or was fully informed of the results of these tax cuts there would be severe rallying in the streets.Bushs tax cut, or stimulus package, has only been geared toward the upper class and this class has a very low marginal

Reserach Report and Problem Analysis Report Essay

Reserach Report and Problem Analysis Report - Essay ExampleThe audit led to a loss of a lot of money for Mrs. lane because she did not arrive at any paperwork like a bathing tub chronicle from the supplier to substantiate that she had paid bathtub. The legal representatives for the Jeffersons Company maintain that she does not have the right to ask for a tubful invoice but they were go awaying to give her their value-added tax number. The resolve given to Mrs. Roadway by the legal representatives for not providing a bathing tub invoice (i.e. no early(a) customer has ever requested for a VAT invoice) is not sufficient enough to deny her the invoice. For Mrs. Roadways business proposal to be financially viable, she has to be able to reclaim this VAT from HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) because the repayment will reduce her borrowings to a manageable level. However, without a valid VAT invoice from Jeffersons, reclaiming the VAT might become problematic. As a corollary this res earch report will spawn the issues of whether a supplier is required to issue an invoice, when it should be issued and what it must contain. CONCLUSION Value Added Tax (VAT) bear be defined as a category of consumer tax charged for any manufactured consumer product. A VAT invoice is usually dispensed to purchasers who give substantial statistics and details to prove that they have an plan to claim back the VAT paid to the government. In order to acquire a VAT invoice there are a set of some very precise pre-details which must appear on the VAT invoice such as the name, address and VAT number of the company or endeavor that provided the merchandises. For continuous and excellent book-keeping, accurate VAT calculations and invoices are required (Ebrill, et al 2001)1 Mrs. Roadway has already do strides to hire a Private Wealth team which has handled her application to HMRC so that she can charge VAT on the leases and reclaim the VAT that she will pay to Jeffersons. As a result, sh e has the right to request a VAT invoice from Jeffersons solicitors so that she can have the right paperwork to help her with the butt against of reclaiming the VAT. Mrs. Roadway had to undeniable a VAT invoice from Jeffersons solicitors because she had previously gone through problematic experience which was brought about by lack of a VAT invoice. The fact that Jeffersons solicitors has never issued a VAT invoice to any of their consumers, will help Mrs. Roadway and build up her case against Jeffersons solicitors. The pre-requisites put in place to guide the process of dispatching an invoice for purchases as denoted in Article 33 of the VAT Directive2 might make the process of acquiring a VAT invoice frustrating but it is considered important for regulation purposes. In Mrs. Roadways case, the guidelines denoted in the VAT Directive will help Mrs. Roadway show that she deserves to be issued with a VAT invoice from Jeffersons solicitors because as per the VAT Directive a potency beneficiary of VAT refund should be issued with a VAT invoice. REPORT Primary Source Staatssecretaris van Financien v Stadeco BV, 2009 A primary ruling in coincidence to the explanation of art21 (1) (c) of the 6th Council Directive was offered. The ruling was that a VAT invoice should be issued to a potential beneficiary of VAT refund. This was in line with Article 33 of the VAT Directive. HMRC concisely states that a registered VAT member has an obligation to provide any VAT-registered clients with a VAT invoice

Abstract critique Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abstract critique - Research Paper ExampleThese were gathered from different published books and studies that underwent relative inquiries related to the topic and the various models that contributed to the creation and foundation of tactics that will move on reversal in this manner.The author concluded the oblige through clearly stating the holistic approach of alter and fostering Indian teachers as leaders in their field. He further noted that This Holistic victimisation (psycho-spiritual-intellectual) will address the much needed cross cultural tolerance & will upgrade the level of not only learning but also global employability skills of students and teachers (as cited in Raj, 2009).The limitation of this article comes with the instauration of the model followed by the subjects of the study and will not impose or change the current place of teachers. It will not efforts to change what is being followed by other educational institutions around the world.After the article wa s being read, and reviewed, I personally believed that it had presented a good example for those people who strive hard in improving the leadership status of different types of article of faith individuals. In addendum, it also took effort in presenting the influences that applied science provided to the individuals, especially that in this fast paced world, there is nothing that will be new but technology itself (as cited in Sweeney, 2003). This article however did not attempt to change the idea of what is the best model to be followed, rather to show the things that might be useful in changing the current status of the teaching individuals.The good thing about this topic is that it clearly provides the positive and the negative side of technological advancements in a developing country, like India. It also provided suggestions that will help in fostering change in the profession being discussed. Furthermore, it also presented the different effects posed to

Arab nationalism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Arab nationalism - Research Paper instanceTo Schwartz it is the political participation and activity of Wahabism and Saudism that has led to the disparity and turbulence within the Muslims ranks and force must be used against them in order to neutralize the impact and provide Muslims with a better chance of tax shelter of their political inspirations in the desired manner (Mikhail). Adeed Dawisha has taken into history the overall scenario with study and analysis of duplex retrospectives to analyze the situation and causes of Arab nationalism and the overall effects associated with it. Adeed Dawisha has taken into account the perspective of the Israeli writers as well to prise the overall scenario in a more transparent manner. The writer has tried to treasure the situation and phenomenon of Arab Nationalism from the perspective of political face and the factors and elements it incorporated in the social spectrum. The news provides an utile account of the events and the imp ressions based on the fact and support of the study of multiple social systems and political orders. The book does and the author does not limit itself to the study of Arab and Nationalism as a force, rather takes into account the correspond social systems of the western world as well to analyze the exact situation at hand. Arab Nationalism has a touch and shade of one of the ethnocentric approach that came to forth prior to it. This was in motley of the Western cultural and nationalistic movement. Where the policies and manifestos were in line with the agenda of promoting their culture and society. The periods of study and focus in the entire study that seek more attention are the ones during the middle of scratch line World fight and the ones that were right before the start of Second World War. The two events were significant on multiple accounts and accords. The outset being that of the vulnerable and nearly collapsed state of Ottoman Empire right in the middle of First Wor ld War where the Empire and Caliphate was on its last leg and needed a mere beef to come down. The second on account of the Second World War was that of Jewish settlements in that division that were thick and heavy during those days and were an open challenge to the Arab States and it broadly invoked the feeling of extended and hardliner nationalism amongst Muslims for the purpose of defending their values and independence from the challenges faced in multiple forms. Karsh & Efraim(Karsh) have tried to assess and understand the concept of Arab Nationalism and the scrap Arab movement. They have evaluated that the overall movement is based on the concept of oneness, unity and integration of the Muslim nations into one. Densely rich with the natural resources and other territorial and strategic advantages and go on against the other parts of the world, they felt the need for capitalizing on this advantage and making use of their policies and actions in a more collective way that wo uld allow protection of their agendas and manifestos in the desired manner. The study also takes into account the important dimension of the reasons that have contributed towards the stalemate in the achievement of goals in the overall journey of Pan Arab movement. Century long movement is challenged with multiple threats all round. This comes

Finicail management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Finicail worry - Essay ExampleThe proposed orthopedic unit will offer integrated and comprehensive services cover song the entire gamut of orthopedic and spine taint treatment, and total say replacement programs. The elements will include pre-surgical education, diagnosis, nonappointive surgical and non-surgical treatment, post surgical care and rehabilitation, and assistance in ongoing management of the condition.This unit is be mooted as a unique center that will provide comprehensive treatment and services through the joint efforts of a team of competent medical and paramedical staff, in a manner that no other hospital in the area provides. The center will be recognized as genius that provides a continuum of these services with a focus on safety, comfort, and predictable outcomes.Orthopedic and spine disease and injury treatments involve a number of initiatives that include pre-operative education, diagnosis, surgical and non-surgical treatment, post operative rehabilitati on, and ongoing management of illnesses and injuries. Englewood hospital and Medical Center has most of these elements, which at present are not integrated. Integrating these services and whirl a comprehensive program will help patients receive comfortable, safe and complete care and treatment. much(prenominal) integration will also help EHMC to offer total joint replacement programs.The proposed center the joint center of excellence will integrate therapies and introduce a new marketable program in the community that would provide unique returns to those requiring orthopedic and spine disease treatments and joint replacement. With proper promotion, such a program is expected to generate substantial interest, and result in increase in volume of in-patient cases.The advantage to the patients will be the availability of a state-of-the-art center that will meet all their necessarily related to orthopedic treatment, and ensure maximum comfort and

Outsourcing and Offshoring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Outsourcing and Offshoring - Essay ExampleThe changes at WW Company are in a bid to achieve 5% economic growth and cut down costs by 5%. The company believes that an incorporation of information technologies will enable it put to death competitively in the conveyance of title and distribution industry. In the restructuring process, WW has identified an area in service delivery and customer relationship that would highly benefit the company in achieving its goals. Firstly, the company has identified its existing operational systems as slow and duly lacking in optimal service delivery. Employees in various departments grumble of too much pasture load in accurately feeding the systems with data. They say that the system is error prone due to the detail that most of the input work is done by the employees who are likely to make inaccurate entries. Additionally, employees complain that the existent systems are too slow in execution of tasks, thereby causing a ascertain up in work ma nagement and service delivery.The new changes in IT have seen a plod of projects span up at WW. Among the projects includes the development of a Customer Relationship Management Software. Right in front the introduction of the changes at WW, the management had a meeting where they decided to change the companys strategic plan. The changes in strategic planning were essential in that they would suit the new direction that the company was taking, which gnarled incorporation of information technology. With the introduction of IT at WW, all systems would go upgrades and re-specification so as to ensure that they perform as expected. Additionally, the newly hired Chief Information Officer of WW was expected to introduce technological systems in areas where they had not yet been explored in the company. This includes the newly proposed Customer Relationship Management Software.The proposed project involves

Reconstruction of Rebecca Blank's article and conclude with Essay

Reconstruction of Rebecca Blank&aposs article and conclude with reflection - Essay casingEconomically markets are not effective, and, therefore, the government comes in to do what the market cannot do, but the society demands. She accommodates her line of products by stating that governments are established to determine and enforce rules in the economy. She uses the standard economic theory that states that markets look at more than rules to support her case. These are about of the cases that cannot function with rules alone market failure due to unelaborated information, the presence of monopoly power, presence of externalities and presence of public exhaustivelys. She states that market failures exist, and that government can correct it but as well as a line must be drawn between the useful and wasteful government activities to deoxidise the frequency of the market failure (Rod).From the political point of view, the government redistributes resources from those with more t o those with less by taxation. It limits some activities in the market to promote equality and justice. It also regulates the use of public goods by investing in externalities, for example, public schools.In the Christian perspective, Rebecca argues that the bible provides guidelines, but humans have to use their minds and heart when go about with ethical and behavioral questions. The bible sets standards for the humans and the government to limit their behavior regulates them and redistributes resources. She claims that the bible advocates for value and haughtiness for humans. Humans should respect each other and see each other as their neighbor (Rod).A neighbor in the bible does not mean the immediate mortal but everyone. A person should not be discriminated because of their culture, religion, color or gender. It advocates for people to be able to differentiate between good and bad and also show concern for the poor. Therefore, they should be concerned with the injustice in the market, value and support the government in the redistribution to address injustice and inequality,

Modern Warfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

modern Warf atomic number 18 - Essay ExampleThere does not seem to be the romanticized notion of patriotism so often heralded by authors within the workss severalise.This is especially so with respect to the Vietnam war. In the conscription during the Vietnam War, the middle class were almost protected. Vietnam was more limited, and the military was determined to channel bourgeois and even lower-middle-class youth away from combat (Appy 1993). Indeed, it has traditionally been the working class that have been convinced that their servitude would benefit them when in fact the benefit fell to the higher classes. Promises such as forgiven student loans, GI Bills, medical insurance, a ten thousand dollar sign up bonus, promises of training that will lead to promising noncombatant careers and a multitude of other benefits seem like a miracle for a group of people who are not economically exposed to such seeming luxuries. Consistently, the working class, already a group given up to taking orders is taken advantage of.The Cold War saw miners in Canada loosing their jobs without any benefits. At first, miners were back up to retire with the introduction of benefit packages. However as time progressed, miners who were on the edge of retirement had to literally hang on in the hopes of receiving their full benefit package. Mines were operating at far less than a five day week. There was also a drop in the need of railway steam coal. World War I found the entry of women into the work force. While not at battle, women were in operation making clothes, sending supplies and still supporting their families. Thus economically speaking, the working class women were satisfactory to add to their economic circumstance. During the time between World War I and World War II, in that respect was a loss of markets for what is considered to be staple industries. These industries included coal, iron, steel, ship making and textiles. This loss combined with scientific advances which allowed for increases in production culminated in the loss of over a million jobs for the working class. The touted gains from these two wars did slide fastener to balm the suffering of the working class. In the Iraq war, which still looms, stop-loss (the practice of unilaterally extending a soilders stay in his or her station) has been consistently upheld in the courts. Working class soldiers have seen that contracts are absolutely meaningless in their military and civilian world. Perhaps this is why there is not so much shock when a stop-loss tactic is pulled against them. After all, at home in civilian life, most working class employees must(prenominal) put in their mandatory overtime hours or they risk loosing their jobs. Fairness and promises are not concepts that the working class are accustomed to in either their military or civilian roles. Further, the working class members fail to see any of the benefits that they are promised. Veterans consistently see cutbacks in their benefits. Scandal after shit results in exposing the utter lack of care or compassion that veterans receive. This is also so for unemployment in the working class. The New Deal Era brought many programs such as unemployment. However, as the economy now stands, improperly

Overview of a Technology based Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Overview of a Technology based Company - Essay Exampleter this, Hewlett Packard was able to develop into creating electronic instruments for the US government, specifically based on needs for buildings and safety. It was during the 1940s that there was substantial growth inwardly the organization and led to continuous expansion. By 1947, over 39 products were offered through the company, all based on new innovations with electronics.In 1957, HP became a publicly traded company and was listed on the stock exchange for $16 per share. The company was listed under the industry of electronics in the stock exchange. By 1959, the company had built into a global corporation with radio equipment and electronically studyed information not only coming from the base in California, but also moving into areas such as Germany and Switzerland. The briny approach at this point was to test and develop different capacities in electronics with some(prenominal) marketplaces and branches. For instanc e, medical instruments, analytics and newer innovations were all added into the industry. In 1966, HP developed the graduation computer used by the company, followed by scientific calculators and other office type electronic supplies that added into the main devices of HP. Today, HP continues to add in extra electronic devices, ranging from some of the newer options in electronic devices to initial components that start out continued to develop through the beginning of the corporation. There are three main branches that are a part of HP, including personal systems for PCs, mobile computing and workstations, the imaging and printing group and the enterprise stage business services, which consists of business products, storage, servers and enterprise software (HP, 2010).The integrated objectives of the company are based on innovation and electronics. The first corporate objective is customer loyalty. The main focus within this is to produce several types of electronics that have q uality and value, which allows several of the customers to return for newer

PHILOSOPHY CLASS-LONG PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PHILOSOPHY CLASS-LONG PAPER - Essay ExampleThe dead can bear no responsibility for their symboliseions. At best, smith is a zombie, under the control of the scientist. An animated corpse is simply an means being used to fulfill the will of the master. Within this system, the scientist is fully alive. He feels pleasure by overcoming displeasures, which in this case would be technical difficulties with his zombie and his chip that prevent Smith from use uping out his masters will. With every victory over Smith, the master (the scientist) stimulates his will to power and therefore is fully alive. The scientist follows all the rules of pilot morals, and is able to do this with a good conscience. Smith cant subscribe to the Slave Morality because, ostensibly, he does not know he is being subjugated. He cannot see his master as evil, because he is unaware that his mind has been manipulated by an outside somebody. Therefore, he bears no responsibility for his actions objet dart under the crop of the neural chip. Holbach Causal Determinism each(prenominal) Events are Caused Holbach states that because we are parts of the greater whole, which is nature, we cannot think, perceive or act without nature influencing us. In order to be free of nature, we would have to be free of physical sensitiveness which means coma, or death. ... Smith does not, even though it does no obvious harm. As a result, Smith, while under control of the chip, has no actual essence (Holbach) and is not truly alive. Under this system, a person is punished or rewarded due to his acting or not acting on his motives, which we all carry within us. Smiths volition to act or not act is compromised by the chip, so he should not be punished or rewarded for any actions. To be free is to yield to the requisite motives he carries within himself (Holbach, 113). Smiths processing of what his motives are, and what to do or not do near them, is controlled by the scientist. It is my position that the sc ientist alone experiences Holbachs limited freedom. Hume On Knowing and the Liberty of Spontaneity Hume defines the will as when we knowingly give rise to any young motion of our body, or a new perception of our mind (57). If Smiths thoughts are influenced by a neural chip, then Smiths actions, which are directed by this chip, are not mindful actions, but compulsions that have been generated by the chips impulses. Smith acts unknowingly, therefore he has no will. Humes main argument states that 2. All mental events (thoughts, feelings, etc.) and actions are constantly conjoined with some other (preceding) type of event, and the mind passes from a context of one to a consideration of the other (class notes, italics mine). Smiths mind is altered by the chip, and so altering the process of consideration from E to F. This makes for a false causal relation in call of the will. If causation depends on a determination of the mind, then Smiths mind is being indomitable by the scientist . There ends up being a

How is Cannery Row like a Tide Pool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

How is Cannery row like a Tide Pool - Essay ExampleAs the discussion stresses the starfish aim on mussels whereas gulls break open the sea urchins and provisions on the starfish. The black bears also sometimes feed on the intertidal creatures when the tides are low. However, as much as the organisms must avoid the strong currents, wave, sunniness and predators to get, they also rely on the constant changes in the pools for food. The creatures that thrive in the tide pool cannot survive on their own. There is some kind of interdependence among the various organisms, where each relies on the other for survival according to Halpern. This way of life in the tide pools have attracted special attention of philosophical writers much(prenominal) as John Steinbeck, marine biologists and naturalists.This paper outlines that the life structures in the tide pools directly relate to the amicable structures of the Cannery Row. The mussels and limpets occupy the lowest status at the tooshie of the pool whereas the starfish that prey on them and the eels that encompass in crevices occupy a status above them. Hermit crabs who are always on the look out for empty shells that might be bigger than the ones they have also occupy the bottom of the sea. However, this structure is often silenced when the tides come back in but begin all oer again when the tides move back and the ocean draws back.The story of the Cannery Row revolves around the people left female genitalia when the Cannery had closed. Mack and his friends (the boys) occupy the lowest status at the bottom end of the social structure dear as the mussels.

Environmental policy Essay Example for Free

Environmental form _or_ organisation of rules of government EssayEnvironmental indemnity cant be establish solely on readiness arguments. Issues of respectable motive ar at least as important. voltaic pileThe above pedagogy is true to a plastered extent and in the course of this essay a balanced discussion will be stageed in the hope that the out surfaces will prove this to be true. To begin, the thoughts of whatsoever Russian intellectuals will be coif forwards on the subject of Utilitarianism and why expertness is dangerous in the long run, thus supporting the statement Environmental policy cant be ground solely on cleverness arguments. To lead on from this at that place will be a talks as to the problems faced by old command and dominance (hence forth referred to as CAC) policies such as direct regularization and emissions fees from an strength and ethical view chief.Then, these methods of environmental policy and the ideas of Ronald Coase will be hig hlighted as an ideal of ethical influence in possible environmental policy as well as from an efficiency standpoint. Following this will be an outlining of the development of the U.S Tradable permits approach to air defilement say-so and the ethical influences therein. taking the ethical issues point raised in the title statement one step further indeed leads onto the idea of ethical considerations. These have been based around an anthropo central perspective, thus farthest and so at this point some views from an eco-centric stance will be considered. To do this, A. Leopolds The Land Ethic will be looked at. The rights of nature will be brought downstairs the umbrella of estimable issues and discussed from a policy perspective.What eco noists mean by sparing efficiency, is that in an ideal economic system, goods charge more than they cost to produce get produced, goods worth less than they cost to produce do non. (D. Friedman. 2004) This holds firm throughout this discuss ion, along with the idea of efficiency as it is defined as both The production of the desired effects or results with minimum waste of time, enterprise or skill, (dictionary.com 2004) and as A measure of effectiveness specific all(prenominal)y, the useful work out vest divided by the energy input in all system (dictionary.com 2004). In diametrical aspects of environmental policy, these different comments of efficiency hold true, though it is clear that they all have the same thing in mind when referring to efficiency. As it Stands, Utilitarianism (the theory of Jeremy Bentham) is an example of efficiency if it were to be applied to policy. Valdimir Odoevsky, one of the or so brilliant and influential representatives of imperfect thought in Russia (A. Frolova 1998) of his time, produced a development of the utilitarian theory of J. Bentham, which is illustrated in Alla Frolovas article Ecological reasoning estimable alternatives.The utilitarian approach to life as put across b y Odoevsky, who states that utility is an essential brainish force of all kind-hearted actions, (A. Frolova 1998) it is said to be the driving force for all laws, legislations, activities and morals. It is also suggested that under the notion of utilitarianism, utility should be allowed to take the place of all notions of so called consciousness, so called inborn feeling, all poetical dreams and fantasies. This is a very powerful tool for the representation of efficiency as the sole device driver of any policy decisions, even environmental ones, however it is a valid viewpoint where ethics is not taken into consideration. Odoevsky talks of a civilization called Benthamia where under the concept of utility everything runs in a sustainable way. However it is when a new civilization is founded outside of Benthamia that the problems associated with a system void of ethics emerge.through and through the use of governmental intrigues, deceit, and bribery, as well as organizing quarrels among any rival civilizations that emerge in install to weaken them for the benefit of Benthamia, the Benthamites extend their power. After they have sufficiently weakened a civilization to the point where that civilization is of no further use to Benthamia, the weakened civilization is taken into full possession every by the acquisition of it (at the cheapest efficient price) or by the use of force.All of these points argon seen to be ethically wrong in todays innovation where ethics is A set of principles of right conduct (A. Frolova 1998) and even when there is a call for utilization of deserted is bring downs (A. Frolova 1998) rather than taking over the crushed neighbors of Benthamia, the suggestions argon condemned and those who put them forwards are said to be idle dreamers (A. Frolova 1998). In Odoevskys vision of utilitarianism, Benthamia is torn apart from indoors due to different self interests associated with differing brotherly situations throughout the growing ci vilization and as it is put by Odoevsky i day glorious Benthamia ceased to exist. (A. Frolova 1998) Odoevsky perceives nature as sensitive and responsive in regard to human morals and this representation of efficiency as the sole driver of decision making shows that ethics are important in every aspect of what we do.Less extreme examples of efficiency in environmental policy can be seen when looking at cases such as the policy relating to dealing with the inefficiencies associated with the production of steel. unmixed approaches to the problem of the externalities of steel production include direct regulation by the government based on telling the steel industry how much they can pollute, as well as emission fees (called Pigouvian taxes). emission fees are based around the concept of charging steel companies for the damage done by its contaminant. The idea of direst regulation is seen to be an inefficient environmental policy whereas emission fees are said to produce an efficien t beat of steel as well as an efficient amount of pollution control. In the real world however emission fees policy is not efficient as it is difficult to measure what the damage caused is as well as it existence inefficient to spend time looking for the damage caused.These two policies are based around the idea of efficiency in the steel industry (as an example), though with the insight of R. Coase and the grounding of what many have dubbed Coase Theorem social cost can be associated with efficiency to create a smash overall way of viewing the problem of externalities through the introduction of property rights. Rather than a system whereby the government defines the measures that need to be taken by industry or where it is left to the polluter to deal with the control methods as with the previously mentioned CAC policies, the idea of Coases theorem defines a policy where, if consummation costs are nought if, in other words, any agreement that is in the mutual benefit of the parties concerned gets made, then any initial definition of property rights leads to an efficient outcome (D. Friedman. 2004)The way that his argument is put across in the article entitled the Swedes get it right is based around the cost of suspension of pollution in a steel factory Vs. the cost of changing downwind land use from a retrogress to a timber forest. The article, written by D. Friedman, puts forwards a very efficient environmental policy whereby the distribution of property rights leads to the internalization of externalities and the most cost effective outcome on a social level. Under the notion of Coase theorem, if it is cheaper for the resort to pay the factory for the cost of pollution abatement rather than vary his own land use then this should be done, producing a situation where everybody is happy and the overall conditions are more desirable.This efficiency based policy is seen to be an advancement of old efficiency based policy though there are still problem s associated with it due to the fact that ethics are not considered. One of the largest problems noted by Coase is the idea of the Public Good Problem (D. Friedman. 2004). If there are many different people living downwind of a factory and they contribute to the abatement of the pollution, then if one someone does not pay because doing so wont make a difference to whether the abatement is paid or not and the abatement does go through, then that person is seen to be a free rider (D. Friedman. 2004) find abatement for free. This is why air pollution in Southern California still persists, as there are millions of people living in the area it is hard to get a situation where everyone pays for the abatement of pollution and it is not possible to re-locate this vast number of people. Coase argues that it is not the externalities that essentially create the problem, but that it is the transaction costs.A policy approach to the environment that has taken ethical issues into consideration can be seen in the US formation of a tradable permit approach to air pollution control. In the discussion closely the US system ethical consideration is defined in either of two contexts (1) when the decisions seem to confer altruistic concerns which transcend self-interest and (2) when the decisions seem to provide special treatment to rights which seem to have a special moral justification (T. Tietenberg. 1998). The emissions trading program is set out as a on-key forwards, flexible market based policy where the trading of permits is allowed and efficiency is increased due to the self interests of the fighting(a) industries. Through the acquisition of an emission reduction credit (ERC) (T. Tietenberg. 1998) this trading can take place and to acquire this ERC a company must lower its emissions to a point below the required level put forwards by the Clean air act. Further efficiency is established by the way that the ERC system allows new firms to come into the market, thus, by introducing the offset policy EPA the Environmental protection agency allowed economic growth to keep back whilst insuring progress toward attainment. (T. Tietenberg. 1998)The efficiency of the tradable permits system can be seen by analysis, which concluded that the proposed 0.01 g per leaded congius (gplg) standard would result in $36 billion ($1983) in benefits (from reduced adverse health effects) at an estimated cost to refining industry of $2.6 billion. (T. Tietenberg. 1998) As well as being implemented at a national level. Tradable permit systems have also been applied at a regional scale, with air pollution in California being an example of this. RECLAIM (Regional Clean Air Incentives Market) shifts the burden of identifying the appropriate control strategies from the control fountainities to the polluter (a point that made direct regulation an inefficient policy based solution, as previously mentioned), and thus the system again proves to be effective due to the fact t hat now, pollution prevention is given an economic underpinning. Along with these examples off efficiency, the tradable permits system, when compared to emissions charges and emission standards comes out as a far more effective environmental policy.Ethics can be observed in the Tradable permits approach however, and depict seen in the paper Ethical influences on the evolution of the US tradable permit approach to air control suggests that ethical considerations have played a role in shaping the environmental objective, the choice of instruments, the definition of the tradable commodity, the treatment of shutdown ascribe, the relationship to traditional regulation and the rules governing permit trades. Thus it is the trust of the author T. Tietenberg, that ethical influences on the evolution of the US tradable permit approach have been blended with pragmatic and political concerns to forge a compromise approach (T. Tietenberg. 1998).This means that even if ethical issues are consi dered they do not hold as much weight as efficiency arguments and result in efficiency preconceived opinion compromises. This can be seen in the case of shut down credits. Among the various ways of creating credits this has been the most controversial point. It is controversial, ethically, because the economic incentive should be targeted at positive actions to reduce pollution through the investment funds of new control equipment and not through shut-down (which is where a factory is shut down to create a large number of tradable ERCs). As a result the compromise has produced a situation whereby all shut-down credits either revert to the control authority or they could be freely transferred to buyers (T. Tietenberg. 1998). This is a result that doesnt distributor point the process of shut-downs (as would be ethically acceptable) but allows the process to continue but with efficient outcomes rather than hoard of ERCs.The ethical issues that have been represented in the case study of Tradable permits in the US have been examples of human-centric ethics focusing on welfare. Some environmentalists, such as A. Leopold focus more on eco-centric ethics and present an argument that through social evolution the land itself should be considered as a member of the companionship which is taken into account in environmental policy. Leopold, in his article, The Land Ethic explains his concept and the problems associated with achieving this goal. It is said to be the case that our educational and economic system is heading away from, rather than towards an intense consciousness of land (A. Leopold. 1949) . Leopold shows through the use of specific examples how there are essentially two different types of conversationalists, as Leopold puts it there are the economic value grabbers (A. Leopold. 1949) and those that see land as biota (A. Leopold. 1949) and worry about the standby functions of things such as forests. Leopold gives a good illustration of this through the us e of sport and meat.Group A, the economic value grabbers, when presented with the idea, will think efficiently about the subject, being satisfied with the thought that these are things that come from nature. Group B however, worries about biotic side issues, for example the cost in predators of producing a spunky crop. Whereas the ideas associated with Coases theorem are related to the health issues and other things that affect humans living downwind of the factory, it is the conclusion of Leopold that, A land ethic, then, reflects the existence of an ecological conscience, and this in turn reflects a conviction of individual responsibility for the health of the land (A. Leopold. 1949). This view holds that the land is to be conserved or protected as some sustainability policies are currently leading towards. It is the opinion of Leopold that sustainability policy should be based around ideas of eco-centric ethics rather than being based around the idea that it is a necessity to pr omote sustainable policies from a human centric point of view.To conclude it can be said that efficiency is still the main focus of environmental policy making however over time the emergence of ethics in policy has emerged, though ethical issues are not considered to be at least as important as efficiency arguments. It has been said that without some kind of ethic (a theory of right and responsibility) and some kind of axiology (or value theory) we wishing guidance and direction for tackling problems, whether global, environmental, or otherwise (R. Attfield. 1999). The discussion in this essay has led towards an outcome that supports the statement to a certain degree. It has been shown through the use of the utilitarian argument and some CAC policy methods that efficiency is not the only thing that has to be considered in environmental policy making, and the US case-study supports the notion that a certain amount of ethics has to be involved.But the nature of the ethics that is ap plied is essentially Human-centric and to consider ethical issues in environmental policy to be as important as efficiency the idea of a land ethic is an important one. As Leopold says himself the idea of a land ethic is not insofar public opinion and in fact is only being kept alive by a minority who has revolted against modern trends of efficiency and human-centric ethics. Ethical issues are not as important as efficiency arguments in environmental policy though if the land ethic were to become a popular opinion through re-education and a shift in social thinking then there is a hope that in time the statement will be completely justified.ReferencesA. Leopold (1949) The Land Ethic. In A snatch County Almanac. Oxford University Press. Oxford.Alla Frolova (1998) Ecological reasoning Ethical alternatives. Ecological Economics, 24. p.169-182.Dictionary.com (2004) http//dictionary.reference.com/David Friedman The Swedes get it right. http//www.daviddfriedman.com/Libertarian/The_Swede s.html (2004) redbreast Attfield (1983) The Ethics of Environmental Concern. Basil Blackwell. Oxford.Robin Attfield (1998) Existence value and intrinsic value. Ecological Economics, 24. p. 163-168Robin Attfield (1999) The Ethics of the Global Environment. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh.Robert Elliot (1995) Environmental Ethics. Oxford University Press. Oxford.Tom Tietenberg (1998) Ethical influences on the evolution of the US tradable permit approach to air pollution control. Ecological Economics, 24. p. 241-257.Student no. 00020854702E

Video Games Are Good Essay Example for Free

impression Games Are dandy Es ordinateVideo games do not cause violence or onset towards others, but whitethorn benefit you in various ways. Video games are an optional thing to hightail it and can be beneficial to you with interacting with others. Video games in addition hold an age limit for certain types of games, if the game is gory past it will most presumable be for kids eighteen and older. Video games may do not whole stray away from violence, they teach these kids how to handle life or death situations, it is truly for the better. Teenagers most likely a will learn violence and aggression from home, or real life situations.When young men who dont normally play a nap of idiot box games are exposed to vehement video games, changes occur in the way their brains function, new research shows. Using functional magnetic ring imaging, the scientists conducted that document altered brain response time after playing these video games. A lot of these changes had distu rbed them in the long consideration also. It is proven that video games do have an affect on your brain, but it is still not proven whether the affect is positive or negative. Video games may also cause long condition damage, but in my opinion are worth it because they are a great experience to play.Some may say video games do promote violence and aggression and Im here to say, you dont know until you can prove it. Exposing children and adolescents to violent optic media increases the likelihood that they will engage in physical aggression against another person. A single apprise depiction to violent media can increase aggression in the immediate situation. One short term affect is that general arousal increases, which tends to increase the dominant behavioral tendency. A long term affect is it decreases the cognitive accessibility of nonviolent ways to handle conflict.Some may also say that video games do not promote aggression and I know this because you cant prove that they do yet. When the deal say that exposing children can cause them to think aggressively and violently, there is an easy solution to this problem, do not let them play or limit the hours played. Also when they say just a brief photo may cause this is false. This is false because when playing for a brief moment you are limited to the exposure of gore and other various violent actions will not affect your decisions in life. The long term affects can honestly happen to anyone who watches tv too much or exposed to the t penetrate too often. I just think that people shouldnt tell their kids or peers to not play video games, for me especially this would be heart wrenching, I happen to love video games and can say they are a part of my life.Playing video games is trying to be labeled as a crime when it obviously is not. Most kids I know love video games, and although they can be addictive they also have a purpose in educating young adults and adolescence into knowing real life situations. Video games should not be labeled in a bad way and I for one and completely against looking at them in a negative way. Video games are good.

Alienation of Labor Essay Example for Free

Alienation of Labor EssayThe Alienation of Labor is an judgement of Karl Marx which is an artificial construct and it is certainly applied but not too clear. Marx describes this idea in a pretty straightforward manner. He is essentially saying that the go awayer has no control over his or her life. The worker is nothing more than a cog being used in the business motorcars discretion. The worker really has no individual rights and certainly no demonstration in the grocery store place.In turn, the laborer is a slave to the system of product construction. There are four phase angles knotted in this idea. There is nature, or human nature and this is because you are alienated from human nature. The second stage is the self, it is animalistic, and you are being reduced to an animal. The third stage is species, no longer having any sort of creativity. The last(a) stage is other, meaning competition or work amongst each other. Hegel vs. Nietzsche -HegelHegel believes that slave morality is an opportunity to work on ones self, and that freedom in the mind truly helps oppression. He believes that in this relationship, the superscript is actually the slave. He thinks this because he feels that the master is dependent on the slave and without the slave the master is nothing. In turn, this makes the master a slave because he is so dependent on his slave. If you crumble, Hegel believes it is a tragedy because he is a communitarian which means he is more empathetic to situations.He believes that if you werent strong enough and mentally tough enough it was because you didnt get the support and care from the community. -Nietzche Similar to Hegel, Nietzche also thinks that freedom is held in the mind and you can only achieve this by being strong. A main difference of Nietzsches view compared to Hegel is the fact that he believes that if you fail at freeing yourself through the mind, you can only throw it on yourself, it was your fault and no one elses.Nietzsches v iew of this relationship works on deuce different levels or ideas good or bad in the case of master morality and vicious or good in the case of the slave. When talking about slaves, he believes that the slaves are incapable of creating their birth original values, instead they are influenced and invert to their masters. The masters view of the slave according to Nietzsche is basically that he is good therefore the slave is bad. In contrast, the slaves view of the master is that he is evil, therefore we are good.

How Piagets theories support universal preK in the US Essay Example for Free

How Pi datets theories support universal preK in the US Essay dungaree Piaget is famous for conditioning nonpareil of the about influential surmisal, the possible action of cognitive information. The theory is mainly interested with the construction and emergence of schemata which comprises the schemes of how a person does perceive the human race especially during the develop intellectual exemplifys when the infantren are gaining natural means of mentally expressing information. The theory is considered constructivist in opposition to other theories which could be either nativist or empiricists, (Brainerd, C. 1978).The theory proposes that we do get to construct our cognitive abilities by dint of the self-motivated action in whizzs world. The nativist theory on the other hand asserts that cognitive developing is the unfolding of innate abilities and knowledge while empiricist theories defines cognitive development as a gradual process in which knowledge is acquire d through experience, (Brainerd, C.J. Reyna, V.F 2002). For this theory, Piaget won the Erasmus prize. at that place are four main periods that Piaget spendd to describe the schemes that baberen make use of to hero sandwichstantiate the world, (Gallagher, J.M. Reid, D.K. 1981).Four point in times as described by Piagets.Sensorimotor period.This occurs at the age of 0 to 2 historic period, (Piaget, J. 1929). According to Piaget, minorren are innate(p) with a inwrought reflexes which permits them to float in the dense world beyond their drive to explore the world around them. The initial schemes that the shaverren have at this point in time is all based on the differentiation of their congenital reflexes. Since this is the first of the four stages according to Piaget it marks an important stage in which the child develops spatial abilities to recognize the world in six different stages, (Piaget, J. 1929).These stages include The reflex scheme stage that takes place from deliver to one month. It is primarily harmonized with the development of reflexes. Primary circular reaction stage is the second stage that occurs from one month to four month. It is primarily associated with the development of habits. The secondary circular reactions phase forms the third stage. It occurs from the one-quarter month to the eighth month and is primarily associated with the development of vision and prehension coordination, (hand-eye coordination). The fourth sub stage is touch on with the development of the object permanence development. It is generally called the coordination of secondary course round modest circular reactions stage and occurs from the eighth month to the twelfth month. The tertiary circular reactions phase is what Piaget intimateed to the fifth sub stage from twelve to eighteen months. This is the stage that Piaget suggested that the little scientist is born through active creativity and experimentation. The sixth final sub stage here is char acterized by the beginning of symbolic representation and it occurs from the eighteen months to twenty four months. At this stage the new found means of considering before taking an action gives the child new shipway of eventually achieving a goal without having to go for the trial and error experiment, (Gallagher, J.M. Reid, D.K. 1981).pre working(a) stageThis is the second of four main stages of cognitive development. Piaget demonstrated that a qualitative psychological functioning does occur as the child approaches the cease of second year. According to Piaget, a preparatory thought is any particular procedure that promotes mental action on objects. The main hallmark in this stage is logically inadequate and sparse mental operations, (Flavell 1963). It is at this stage that the child learns to repress and use objects by words and images, that is symbolic thinking is evident. Since the child salve has difficult of adopting other peoples contemplatepoint, thinking is console egocentric.It as it this stage that the child has the say-so to classify similar objects together trough a single feature much(prenominal) as excuse or shape, (Brainerd, C. 1978).Piaget suggested that this stage which immediately follows Sensorimotor stage occurs between 2-7 years of stage. It at this stage that children develop their language skills and thus they begin expressing things using images and words. Worth noning here is the child relies more on experience that the logical reasoning at this stage. At the beginning, there are more egocentric since they are non to that extent aware that other people are not thinking or perceiving things in the analogous way like they do. It at this time that their imaginative mind is very active and they thus associate emotions to original inanimate objects, (Piaget, J. 1929).This stage is further broken down into Pre innovationual stage and the Intuitive stage. The Preconceptual stage occurs at the stage of 2-4 years and is main ly characterized by egocentric thinking as well as animistic thought. A child with animistic thought is one who has the tendency to assign attri only ifes of living things to inanimate objects such as the perception that a glass does feel pain when it is broken. The splanchnic stage that occurs between the off year to the seventh year is characterized by the potentiality child who is actively solving problems through the mental process. Though at this stage they do get away to achieve some goals, they are however unwitting on how they achieved their conclusion.A simple ideal is when a child is able to correctly identify the mass from the minority just by the virtual of sight. An example is when a child is presented with seven dogs and maybe 2 cats and he/she is asked if there are more dogs that cats. As expected the child would respond positively but will excessively commit a logical error if supposedly asked the same question in the same way but differently such as if the re are more dogs that animal, (Brainerd, C. 1978). The child will most apt(predicate) respond by saying yes thus showing the use apprehension at this stage. An important observation by Piaget is that children mainly learn through play and imitation through these first two stages, (Gallagher, J.M. Reid, D.K. 1981)..Concrete operational stageThis is the third of the four stages in Piagets cognitive development theory. It follows preoperational stage and is suggested to occur between the age of 7 to 11 years, (Piaget, J. 1929). It is characterized by the appropriate use of logic and at this stage some of the important processes that have been identified include Seriation, which is the exponent to block out different objects based on shape, size or other characteristic. A good example is the potential to differentiate color gradient. Classification-the ability of the child to identify and name sets of objects based on size, appearance as well as other characteristics that may sugge st that one object may include another. Decentering-this is a process where the child is able to take into account multiple aspects of a problem towards solving it. An example is the change in perception where a child will no longer will no longer holdup the perception that an exceptionally wide yet short cup will hold less amount that one that is normally tall and wide. Reversibility-where the young one is able to comprehend that objects and total outhouse be altered and eventually returned back their original state. Thus the child will be able to comprehend that since 3+3= 6, then 6-3=3. Conservation- the ability to understand that length, quantity or round of items is basically mot related to their appearance or arrangement. Elimination of egocentricim- this is the ability of the child to understand and view things from another perspective even though they may think incorrectly.Formal operational stageThis is the fourth and the final stage in cognitive development according t o Piaget theory. It starts at around 12 years of age soon after the Concrete Operational stage and continues all the way to adulthood, (Ashurst 1985). It is the stage that is characterized with the ability to reason logically, think abstractly, and be able to draw conclusions from the available information. It is at this young adult stage that one is able to understand such aspects as logical proofs, love and values. Some biological factors can be traced during this stage as it occurs during puberty thus marking the entry into adulthood in cognition, physiology, virtuous judgment (Kohlberg), psychosocial development (Erikson) and psychosexual development (Freud). It is estimated that approximately two-thirds of all the people fail to develop this geek of reasoning fully for it to become their normal cognition mode and thus they remain as operational thinkers even as adults, (Flavell 1963).The above four stages have some general observation. One is that though they may vary in time , sequence does not change, (Brainerd, C. 1978). The stages also apply to thought and not to children and they universal thus they cannot be associated with any culture.Shortcoming to Piagetian stage theory.There are several challenges that have been coiffure froth against Piagetian theory some of which even Piaget himself has noted such as the fact that development does not have to progress in such as the smooth manner that his theory has proposed. His theory is a general one since it suggests that cognitive maturation occurs across different aspects of knowledge such as logic, mathematics, language among others, (Gallagher, J.M. Reid, D.K. 1981).Application of Piagetian theoryMost of the educators as well as psychologists do manage to receive piagetian theory training during their professional training. A piagetian sound judgement is more likely to be a familiar concept among the psychologists who work in those districts that carry out alternative assessment of cognitive abilit y on regular basis. A good example are the psychologists at the gray California Diagnostic Center who do make use of the Ordinal Scale more in depth during a Piagetian assessment. For most of these psychologists, a Piagetian assessment is like a dismissal from the standardized intelligence testing.The standardized intelligence tests that are available usually diagnose the students academic achievement expectancy and it may usually take considerable amount of time and thus may not be make for more than one year. This thus limits the tests for use during short barrier interventions such as pre-test or post-test. More to this is that standardized cognitive tests quantify a students power or strength of abilities or processing but unfortunately the quantification does not precisely predict the intervention system that are most likely applicable or useful, (Flavell 1963).A curriculum-based measurement (CBM) can be done several times within a year by the take aim psychologists as a pretest or post-test on how effective the intervention is. Unfortunately, CBM does not provide details of why the intervention may or may not be successful nor does it serve as a diagnostic tool for the instructional modifications. On the other hand, Piagetian screening can be useful in giving instructional interventions especially incases to do with comprehension or math concepts, (Piaget, J. 1929).Piagetian theory gives the stage wise development of qualitative means of developing thinking from one stage to the next. Through this understanding it is possible to understand more easily why students experience learning difficulties. Thus Piagetian screening does provide an thoroughfare of quickly estimating a students cognitive development take, (Ashurst 1985).In a summary thus, one can point to Piagetian tasks as guideposts that indicate the level or stage that a child of a particular age is functioning. Thus it is important to understand that teaching a child certain specific ta sks does not in any way change the development stage of the child. Thus these signpost are useful when developing accommodations and modifications that do support a match between a Childs a curriculum with his/her cognitive processing ability. needful interventions for a child curriculum especially at the age of 4.Most of the children usually do encounter difficult math problems. Piagetian theory can be used to explain the appropriate interventions that can be adopted and especially at the age of four. For a student to effectively understand the mathematical concepts of simple subtraction and addition, there is need for him/her to acquire the concept of conservation of numbers. A child who is yet to attain conservation of number concept can still be able to perform, state or memorize various procedures such as subtraction or addition but may most likely be confused with the same concepts weeks, days or even hours later. The main reason for this is that information is stored as verba tim representations and the gist representations, (Brainerd, C. 1978).The modern theories of memory suggest that memory is stored as verbatim (exact input), or gist (concepts) and these representations of memory are accessed independently. Thus a child who has not yet attain the conservation of number rarely has the conceptual framework that is needed for a one-to-one correspondence since they lack the conceptual framework, (Gallagher, J.M. Reid, D.K. 1981).. At a later time when the child is not able to accurately carry out math operations, an impression of memory deficit may most likely be the first impression. But the main problem maybe that the child has not yet attained the developmental stage that is required to understand the mathematical concepts. It is in such circumstances that the child may only store verbatim memories and fail to do the same for the conceptual knowledge, gist memory.Necessary interventions in this case suggest that one ought to be very sure that the co ncrete operations level is emerging. If this is not the case, the child may most likely be in the pre-operational thinking stage which is also the intuitive level. The necessary interventions can be aimed at helping the child accelerate moving from intuitive stage towards the concrete stage. A good example is at the age of four, which is generally regarded as the stage of why where the course-effect thinking is learnt in details. Worth noting is that some of the primary school-age children whom have not yet attained the level of being intuitive thinkers usually get on to why stage one or two years later and may thus have not had the opportunity of having the questioning mien reinforced, (Flavell 1963).Students are also known to experience problems with comprehension. The frequent complaint are usually at the quaternary grade all the way to the eighth grade. The difficult maybe complex but with the application of Piagetian theory it is possible to determine whether the student did m anage to attain the necessary developmental stages to be able to comprehend different concepts that do involve some partially overlapping sets of information. Though the international archetype age for attaining classification task as age 9, an upward variance is usually observed. Most of the focal ratio elementary science, literary concepts and social sciences involve also mental manipulation.Usually students gain the attention of the school psychologists due t issues that are associated social behavior.

How Does the Writer of This Text Use Language and Grammar Essay Example for Free

How Does the Writer of This Text Use spoken language and Grammar EssayThe indite drops jargon, puns and compound metres to shape his readers response. This is done by paying attention to his audience which is the readers of the Metro, which are public transport users. Also to his purpose which is to entertain his audience.Puns are used to give a light-hearted operation to entertain his audience. This is evident where the condition says A new musical talent spreads his wings. This provides entertainment to his readers in the form of comedy. Additionally the words he uses acts as a metaphor, yet in this case the phrase is quite literal as he is talking about a tent-fly.This quite an effective pun. The use of puns provides amusement to his audience and by placing this pun at the beginning of this article it makes the reader intrigued to read on. what is more puns are used throughout the article to keep the reader engaged.Jargon is used also as a way to present his readers with photography knowledge. He uses a quote from the photographer which says to give a refreshing view on insect marco-photography. By victimisation this the author gives the public a fiddling insight to what technology goes into taking these photos.This uses of jargon also presents another purpose as it shows the photographer of these fly photos to be a professional within this business. Also that it makes it easier for people who know about the subject to follow, as specialized terms foundation be used without losing information. This is useful as he has a very wide audience and some may understand these terms.The use of compound sentences adds more detail and information. The author says Nearly all the photographs of Mr Fly, whose first name was Gerald, were taken in Mr Hendrickxs bedroom, using mostly indwelling light and a small eight megapixel camera. By saying this the author adds more richness to the sentence and therefore by doing so adds more information to his reade rs.By adding more information the author can entertain his audience which are on the public transport on their journeys. Furthermore that by using compoundsentences it is more effective in creating a balance between two important pieces of information, thereby leaving the reader with a better understanding of the article.To conclude by using all this techniques the author of the text can keep his audience engaged and entertained while reading his article and furthermore provide them with information which they may not of known prior.

Kenya education Essay Example for Free

Kenya commandment EssayAn Overview of the Kenyan Education System Issues and Obstacles to encyclopedism Posted by Lee-Anne Benoit on April 27th 2013 Im sustain again with an come forthline of what Ive learned about the Kenyan Education trunk from the diverse experiences that Ive had. Youll nonice this web log is jolly more academic in nature, but I felt that it was important to find research to back up my draw off in observations. Education is perceived as one and simply(a) of the principal motivating factors behind home(a) economic development and it is one of the most effective ways in which individuals fire ever promise to achieve better opportunities and a exalteder standard of living in Kenya. For these reasons Kenya has invested heavily into its cultivation ashes everywhere the past twenty desire clock. It is my particular objective in this blog to express every(prenominal) that I buzz off learned about the primary and supplemental knowledge frame s in Kenya in the short 12 weeks that I slang been here. I discuss the body structure of primary and collateral checks, the executing of universal lay off primary culture (FPE), limited and equitable access to fostering, obstacles to training within the partitioningroom, peculiar(prenominal) of necessity pedagogics and inclusion.My go throughing is derived from my experiences vi simulateing and works at eleven distinguishable world and private informs in Kenya, 2 Masters courses in special Needs Education that I audited, academic journal articles as sound as several discussions and conversations that I convey had with various individuals related to the field of education. Structure of principal(a) and substitute Education To begin, Id like to outline what I have learned about the structure of primary and collateral take aiming in Kenya. I have gained most of my insight from visiting ball club different existence and private schoolhouses in Nairobi and Momba sa.During these visits I was able to tour each school, surveil classes, and interact with administrators, teachers, and schoolchilds. What follows is an account of some of the relevant information that I have gathered. Children begin primary classes about the age of three years old. They enter a nursery program for roughly twain years before commencing Standard 1. Dep subverting on their final KCPE (Kenyan security department of Primary Education) examination attach at the curiosity of Standard 8, students may or may non qualify to attend a secondary high school. inessential school in Kenya has four levels, forms 1 4 and is completed alone when students finish their KCSE (Kenyan Certificate of Secondary Education) examinations. Again, student grades play a key component part in determining whether or not students be able to attend university. Due to the ethnic diversity in Kenya (42 different tribes), children begin school speaking a variety of languages. Because of t his, all students study their subject material rifely in Kiswahili up until Standard 3 in a homeroom classroom.It is not until Standard 4 students are immersed in incline and must follow a strict timetable of up to 10 lessons a day. The subjects taught in the primary grades acknowledge Math, English, Kiswahili, Science, Social Studies and Christian Religious Studies. Depending on the location of the school, students may study Islam. Looking through the Kenyan Primary Education curriculum documents, I noticed that art and music were indeed allow ind in the syllabus. However, after inquiring after this, I discovered that art and music have been cut from the timetable callable of the cost and perceived unimportance of the subject material.From the little experience I have, it seems as though the decimal point to which children are allowed to express themselves creatively through art and music depends generally on the school and classroom teachers. From personal observation I c an say with confidence that the approach to education in Kenya is largely teacher centered and by the book. Teachers strictly adhere to the Kenyan syllabus for both primary and secondary students and textbooks are a teachers primary resource during lessons. Standardized examinations are the sole judicial decision techniques that I have noted being used in fix classrooms thus far to narration student carry on.Students in every grade level must complete these standardized examinations at the end of each term, including students in preprimary programs. Grades are critical indicators of success and failure in the lives of students for they ultimately determine whether or not one is able to advance to secondary school. As I mentioned earlier, students must complete their KCP examinations at the end of standard 8. These are national, standardized exams in all subject areas and are worth a total of 400 marks. Students must achieve a minimum of 250 marks if they invite to enter seconda ry school.In order to graduate High School students must complete their KCSE examinations, and achieve high grades if they wish to enter university. I would like to point out that Kenyan teachers have excellent classroom management. or so of the students that I have observed are incredibly intumesce behaved and show a level of direction and respect that I have not seen on such(prenominal)(prenominal) a large scale before. I am impressed by teachers classroom control peculiarly considering the large class sizes that they handle on a mundane basis. I attribute this classroom control to the use of embodied punishment, which is considered to be the norm in Kenya.It has also been argued that students passivity in the classroom dates back to British compound old age and has been an aid and a challenge in encouraging students to take responsibility for their culture (Ackers and Hardman, 2001). ecumenic forego Primary Education An some other(a) key point that warrants discussion is the implementation of FPE, Universal Free Primary Education, in Kenya. numerous of the challenges that the Education strategy ongoingly human faces are directly linked to the implementation of FPE. G. J. Cheserek and V. K.Mugalavai argue that the main problems facing the education system are, issues of access, equity, quality, relevance and efficiency in the management of educational resources, (2012, 473).The following discussion willing elaborate on such issues. As of January 2003, the NARC political relation formal the FPE program to satisfy the pledge it made during the 2002 general elections in order to yield opportunities to disadvantaged children (Makori). This parturiency was a great(p) success in terms of the increased enrollment of disadvantaged children.More than 1.5 billion children enrolled in public schools across the estate, (Makori). However, the country was not yet prepared to accommodate such a large increase as can be seen by such drastic consequence s. Few primary schools were built to accommodate the influx of students, which led to over crowding and congested classrooms. There was a famine of teachers at the time, which led to the employment of un fitting teachers (Makori). Schools lost revenue from the lack of tuition fees, which led to a strain on article of faith materials and resources as well as limited physical facilities (Makori).Lastly, teachers challenges increased as their class sizes grew. Although Primary School tuition fees have been abolished, several factors continue to impede access to education in Kenya. M any(prenominal) parents politic cannot apply to pay for school uniforms, textbooks, transport, meals and supplies, without which students cannot attend school (Glennerster and Kremer, 2011). These fees are especially difficult for marginalized children such as females, orphans, and the financially underprivileged.Poor health and the inability to seek medical financial aid also impede many childrens acc ess to education and negatively affect their academic proceeding, (Glennerster and Kremer, 2011). Many children cannot attend school due to intestinal worms, malaria, and other health concerns such as malnutrition, which can seriously affect their cognitive development. A teacher at the Kiambui Primary School informed me that many of the students arrived at school without having eaten breakfast and who did not constitute lunches. Many teachers, despite their low salaries, felt obligated to bring food for the most needy.Lastly, there is an issue of distance and transportation. For some, transportation is unaffordable and the distance to school is too great to walk, which renders the possibility of attending school impossible (Glennerster and Kremer, 2011). Despite advancements in accessing primary education, access to secondary education has remained quite low in comparison. There are a tot up of reasons that account for this. For instance, secondary schools still require tuition payments. Although these fees have been reduced, it is still quite expensive for many. Distance also plays a major(ip) role for some in accessing education.As of 2011 there were approximately 26, 000 primary schools and 6, 500 secondary schools outspread across the country, which meant that many communities did not have a nearby high school (Glennerster and Kremer, 2011). Poor KCPE examinations dozens at the end of Standard 8 also create a barrier in accessing Secondary School. 2004 KCPE results show that a much higher percentage of students from private schools qualify for secondary school than public school, which has led to an overrepresentation of private school graduates attending top Kenyan Secondary Schools (Glennerster and Kremer, 2011).The quality of primary education, so it seems, acts as a serious barrier to obtaining secondary education. Finally, there is limited space in secondary school so parents and students alike must compete for placement in one if not one of the elite National schools. Yet another interesting point to note is that FPE does not enable all children equitable access to quality education the key word here being quality. There is an fearful difference between the quality of education that public schools offer vs.that of private schools as noted earlier. later on visiting both private and public schools I can attest to the difference. The five private schools that I visited had a low teacher to student ratio, more resources and materials for students, an adequate amount of desks for their student body, as well as electricity and running water. On the contrary, some of the public schools that I visited had class sizes of 60 to 80 students, limited electricity, insufficient textbooks and desks for students.There is much speculation that the poor performance of public school graduates on the KCPE examinations is due to a number of specific factors. For simulation, because of the increased enrollment in primary schools in 2003, teachers had to distinguish with extraordinarily large class sizes made up of a diverse range of students whose preparedness varied. mickle such as these diminish a teachers ability to differentiate their instruction and riposte individualized attention. Resources and materials are spread thin and mobility within classrooms be behaves limited.It is thought that this large influx of first times learners has contributed to declining test scores in the public school system (Glennerster and Kremer, 2011). It is also thought that poor performance in primary schools is perpetuated by an increasing stratification between public and private schools. This disparity becomes all the more clear when considering the disparity between the KCPE scores of public and private school graduates (Glennerster and Kremer, 2011). Under qualified teachers has also been positd as a factor as well as corruption.Obstacles to Learning inside the Classroom For Kenya to be internationally competitive and eco nomically viable, the Republic of Kenya requires an education system that will create citizens who are able to engage in lifelong learning, learn new skills quickly, perform more non habit tasks, capable of more complex problem-solving, take more decisions, understand more about what they are working on, require less supervision, assume more responsibility, have more vital tools, have better exercise culture, quantitative analysis, reasoning and expositoryskills (Cheserek and Mugalavai, 2012, 472).As this statement explains, Kenya needs a strong education system that will train individuals to meet the growing economic needs of society. However, as discussed previously, evidence shows that students in public primary schools are achieving significantly lower their private school counterparts. There are a number of factors that can account for this disparity, which directly relate to the quality of primary education and the interactions between teacher and pupil.In 2001, Jim Ackers and Frank Hardman conducted a study on classroom interactions in primary schools in Kenya and found that the predominant teaching style was characterized by the transmission of knowledge and was teacher focused in nature. Students were motivated to recruit but answered preplanned, closed questions and lessons often involved a high degree of choral response and repeating of memorized information (Ackers and Hardman, 2001).They go on to write that, there were few examples of interaction between teacher and pupils that elongate or even encouraged higher order thinking because of the domination of the recitation mode, where typically the teacher asks a series of pre-planned questions, initiates all the topics, and rarely interacts with the substance of the pupils answers except to evaluate them(Ackers and Hardman, 2001, 12). Interestingly passable, this literature mirrors my own observations. I also noted the predominance of a rote learning style of teaching enchantment visiting a number of primary schools.The teachers that I observed lectured on a topic for a large portion of a lesson and then questioned students to see what they were able to absorb. I did not observe any inter pupil interactions or discussions during class time. Rather, students spent the remainder of the class silently copying notes and reply questions from the board. I observed this pattern across multiple subjects and classrooms. Acker and Hardman point out that impediments to learning also include a lack of teaching resources and poor physical conditions of classroom spaces (2001).From what I have noted, the blackboard and student textbooks are the primary teaching aids in a accord of schools. Another obstacle to learning within primary grades is the size of the class. In many cases, teachers can have upwards to 80 students at a time in a regular sized classroom, which creates a congested environment. In such cases it is intimately impossible for a single teacher to meet the needs o f every individual learner. differentiation becomes ineffectual, as does mobility within the classroom.Resources are spread thin and many struggling learners are overlooked. In admittance to overcrowded classrooms, teachers face many challenges, which in turn affect student performance. Firstly, they are under a great deal of pressure to teach all of the curriculum outcomes in order to prepare students for their examinations. Combined with a lack of funding and classroom space, teachers are at a loss when it comes to planning creative lessons. Secondly, teachers face a strong tradition of teaching practice that is both historically and culturally embedded.Attitudes towards mixture can be stubborn, do transformation a slow process. Thirdly, teachers lack an entrance amount of support and financial aid within the classroom as well as opportunities for professional development. As it stands, resource and literacy programs are virtually non-existent in schools, and the government cannot afford to pay for assistants within the classroom. Few primary schools can even afford a library. Fourthly, and in part due to distance, there are barriers to communication between home and school, which negatively impacts student progress.Lastly, primary school teachers work for very low wages, which can be demotivating for some, ultimately impact their professional pedagogical practice. For many teachers and students alike, school can be a truly sink or swim endeavor. Special Needs Education and Inclusion My insight into special needs education derives from two sources. Firstly, I have audited two Masters level courses on special needs education in Kenya empower Guidance and Counseling of Special Needs students and Issues and Problems in Special Needs Education.Secondly, I have worked for a short time at a private special needs school entitled Bright Hills. In addition to Bright Hills, I have also visited three different Special building blocks in public schools Kaimbui Primary School, Kilimani Primary School, and Muchatha Primary School. I would like to share some of the pertinent information that I have learned. According to my own personal experience and research, special needs education is predominantly segregated from general education classes. Many primary and secondary schools have classes termed Special units. These classes are home to students who have a wide range of learning needs, which cannot be met by regular classroom teachers. I have been told that Special Units are inclusive in the sense that all students who have a disability or a special need share a common learning space. It is the role of the special education teacher to tackle the challenging task of differentiating lessons for many students who have varying degrees of learning dependency. Many of the students of Bright Hills Special Needs School are taught the regular primary school curriculum.However, other special needs students are given vocational training, which I obser ved at the Kiambui Special Unit and the Deaf and Blind Unit at the Kilimani Primary School. Learning skills such as beading and twine give students the potential to earn a livelihood outside of school and become productive members of society. Although the Kenyan Minister of Education approved a policy in 2009 that supports the equitable access to quality education and training of learners with special needs, special needs education still faces many challenges.The factors that hinder the provision of education for special needs learners include vague guidelines that describe the implementation of an inclusive policy, insufficient data on children with special needs, ineffective assessment tools, curriculum, and a lack of qualified professionals, (Lynch, McCall, Douglas, McLinden, Mogesa, Mwaura, Njoroge, 2011). Many of the discussions in which I participated in my class Issues and Problems in Special Needs Education mirrored this argument.Major issues that were discussed include the stigmatization of persons with disabilities, a lack of funding to equip teachers with the resources, materials and support required to meet learners needs, a lack of curriculum adaptations, differentiation, appropriate methodology and qualified personnel, inappropriate and biased assessment measures and the misdiagnosis of learning disabilities, which leads to the misplacement of Students in Special Units. I have also had several discussions concerning the implementation of inclusive educational practices within Kenyan Schools.Many of my classmates hope that inclusion is indeed the way forward in reforming the issues inherent in special needs education. Others however, turn over that inclusive education is too ambitious a reform to settle. Dr. Mary Runo stated in a lecture that she is not certain that inclusive education is what Kenya presently needs. Rather, the focus of reform should be on government policy and persistent negative attitudes towards disabilities. Although inclu sive practices are in a fledgling state in Kenya, there are a few successful cases.Take for example the Kilimani Primary School, which is the only school in Nairobi that incorporates the hearing and visually impaired into general classrooms. Numerous supports are provided to students such as braillers, translators, adaptations, and individual assistance. The Kilimani School also has a segregated Special Unit for those who are deaf(p) or blind as well as a Special Unit specifically for those who are deaf and blind, both of which are well equipped with qualified and dedicated teachers as well as a diverse range of teaching aids and resources.It is common practice for a Primary school to pull struggling students out of the regular classroom and place them in a Special Unit for a short time until they can successfully transition back into a regular classroom. The Kyangoma Primary School has 68 special needs learners, the majority of which study in a Special Unit. However, students who have physical disabilities or are highly functioning cognitively are integrated into general classrooms in order to follow the regular school curriculum.Although integration does not equate inclusion, it is evidence that there is a growing acceptance of inclusive practices. Overall, I would argue that special needs learners are segregated from regular classrooms for the most part and that levels of inclusive practice vary from school to school, depending on financial resources, teachers attitudes, and community support. inference It is difficult to articulate all that I have learned about the Kenyan education system in the past twelve weeks, as my experiences have been diverse and I have come to understand the cultural context within which this system works.The education system in Kenya has been undergoing considerable change since the deduction of Universal Free Primary Education in 2003. Despite the many deep motifed and matching problems that impede equitable access to qualit y education, reformation is high on the governments be given of priorities. One thing that I can confidently attest to is the unquestionable confidence and positivity that I have encountered in many Kenyans who strongly believe in the advancement of the education system. Kenyas incoming is bright as long as these discussions continue and individuals strive to make change.References Ackers, J. , Hardman, F. (2001). Classroom Interaction in Kenyan Primary Schools. Compare, 31(2), 245-61. Cheserek, G. , Mugalavai, V. (2012). Challenges and Reforms Facing Kenyan Education System in the 21st Century consolidation the Principles of Vision 2030 and Constitution 2010. Journal Of Emerging Trends In Educational Research Policy Studies, 3(4), 471-478. Glennerster, R. , Kremer, M. , Mbiti, I. , Takavarasha, K. (2011). Access and feeling in the Kenyan Education System A Review of the Progress, Challenges and Potential. Retrieved from http//www.povertyactionlab. org/sites/default/files/pu blications/Access%20and%20Quality%20in%20the%20Kenyan%20Education%20System%202011. 06. 22. pdf KENPRO (2010). Challenges Facing comprehensive Education in Regular Primary Schools in Kenya. KENPRO Online Papers Portal. Retrieved from www. kenpro. org/papers. Lynch, P. , McCall, S. , Douglas, G. , McLinden, M. , Mogesa, B. , Mwaura, M. , Njoroge, M. (2011). Inclusive Educational rehearses in Kenya Evidencing Practice of Itinerant Teachers Who Work with Children with Visual Impairment in Local Mainstream Schools.International Journal Of Educational Development, 31(5), 478-488. Makori, A. carrying into action of universal primary education in Kenya An analysis of its impact and progress towards achieving the EFA goal in Kisii District. Retrieved from http//www. kaeam. or. ke/articles/vol1/makorifulltext. pdf syndicate Uncategorized // 16 Comments 16 Responses to An Overview of the Kenyan Education System Issues and Obstacles to Learning 1. women fashion show 2013 // June twenty-f ifth 2013 Someone essentially help to make critically posts I would state. That is the very first time I frequented your websitepage and so far? I surprised with the analysis you made to create this particular divulge incredible. Fantastic task 2. Graham Mulligan // July 3rd 2013 Lee-Anne, thank you for this post. I concur with everything you describe regarding the current state of Primary Education in Kenya. Although there is much hope for change, there are howling(a) challenges ahead. I wonder what specific improvements can be made, especially in the many isolated and indigent public primary schools. I am currently planning a short visit to do teacher training in some of these schools.Do you have any suggestions for me? cheers Graham 3. Rahab // July 4th 2013 Your observations are very insightful and on point. It is rather disturbing that all education activities in the Kenyan system end up creating bottle necks at some point or other. What are your suggestions on making the sy stem create paths for learners graduating from the various levels of the system? How can the system encourage student creativity and affair both in school and out of school? Is there hope that the Kenya education system will ever become learner centered rather than content and teacher centered?4. desigual sale // July seventeenth 2013 Someone essentially help to make critically articles I might state. That is the first time I frequented your web page and to this point? I amazed with the analysis you made to make this actual position up extraordinary. Wonderful job 5. Evelyn Corrado // July 17th 2013 Very insightful paper for my study I am researching on how we can move from teacher centered approach in Kenyan education into student focused, where students can creatively use their reasoning minds, work together to problems solve and bring in their daily experiences into learning..i agree learning molds the Kenyan society and if problem solving conflict resolution is not enhanced i n schools, no wonder the ethnic conflicts in Kenya society God-father system where minority district and the rest cant challenge it, for lack of confidence . 6. Alice Wawira // July 29th 2013 This is quite helpful and you have done great job. Just check KCPE mark is 500 not 400. The public schools suffer a lot of deficiency ranging from teachers to resources.If only teachers were enough something like 125-35 which is the current proposal to the education ministry enough classrooms and resources, I dont think the syllabus would be a problem however wide. Im inclined to believe so because the private schools and the well-established national schools manage to cover the syllabus long before the end of fourth year in secondary and end of eigth year in primary. The rectification exhibited by the students in the classroom as you explained is one major strength in these schools and as such, it would be quite helpful even in content coverage.Kenya is becoming gradually aware of SEN and s ome progress has been made. I would however wish that we borrowed a leaf from the international system where children with SEN are allowed to sit special exams and even have assistants in classroom and during exams. In Kenya, almost all the times they sit the same exam only that special status and provisions(like brille and additional time) are given during and after the national exams. The smite is when a child in hospital or one who has just given birth is allowed to sit the same exam as any other in cheeseparing health.News has it that computers will come in handy for the hearing-impaired and this will be great. Fantastic job you have done. Having worked in the Kenyan system and in the international as well, I cant fail to see the flaws in the former and I hope to do something about it only that for now, I have no nous where to start. 7. Leonard Kiarago // August 2nd 2013 Indeed, Kenya has a long way to go before the government is able to provide quality education however, w e must agree that there is some progress despite the obstacles.Kenya has the resources, the manpower and the contentedness to provide the young generation with quality education. Kenya has highly qualified professionals produced by top universities all over the world, unfortunately when it comes to policy development and decision making, that is left to politicians leading to wrong policies being implemented without consideration for need assessment or putting priorities right. Take, for example, the issue of laptops for every kid joining primary school is that really a priority for the Kenyan kids?Even in developed countries like the UK the government doesnt provide laptops/computers to every single kid, instead schools have a computer lab used during IT lessons or for lessons requiring some research. Instead of considering building and equipping more classrooms as well as recruiting more teachers, the government is thinking about laptops for schools some of which kids learn under trees and with no electricity or teachers who have prefatory IT knowledge.The subject of how inclusive education should be implemented is a controversial one because even in developed countries like UK, they stillmaintain special schools because inclusive practice is not just a matter of closing special schools and taking children with SEN to mainstream schools. How do you put a child with special needs in a class of 80 kids and call that inclusive education? For inclusive education to be successful there must be availability of resources and manpower as well as change of attitude by those who consider themselves normal. How that can be possible in a country divided through tribal and ethnic affiliations remains a big issue.If Kenyans cannot accommodate fellow Kenyans from a different tribe, how can they accommodate those perceived to be abnormal? What is most worrying is that any time you listen to news or read newspapers, the most likely headline to find is about a certain polit ician from a given community attacking another one from a different community instead of engaging in constructive politics. The article posted a few days ago in daily nation in which a governor was threatening to shut wad schools just because they were built on the boundary by a neighbouring county leader is a good example of what I mean http//www.nation. co. ke/News/Leader-orders-schools-shut-in-boundary-row/-/1056/1930912/-/view/printVersion/-/khd48cz/-/index. html A societys treatment of those who are weak and dependent is one critical indicator of its social progress. This was an observation by Kirk, Gallagher and Anastasiow (1997) who in their study of children with special needs noted that social attitudes towards the education and care of children with special needs invent the general cultural attitudes concerning the obligations of a society to its citizens.The problem with the provision of education in Kenya can only be solved if the government allowed professionals to co ntribute to policies related to their field of expertise and to set aside finances for research so that policies can be validated through research to avoid implementing policies, which are politically driven. (Kiarago is a doctoral researcher at the University of Birmingham) 8. Pierre Varly // August 19th 2013 thanks a lot for your excellent article full of infos and very well structured. i have a blog on education in the developping countries where i could publish the article also if you agree.9. Isaac Maluki // August 22nd 2013 Thank you for your good report. Kindly tell me, how many students qualify for university education in Kenya but do not make it for lack of school fees? 10. Amen K. Rahh // October 3rd 2013 Thank you for this insightful blog. I would however like to point out the roll of ICT and the growing impact online learning is having on learning in schools. With the introduction of laptops for primary school students, the Government seems to understand the survival of the failing education system is depended on IT solutions. http//www. cc-gate.com as well as the CCK are working on online content and tutoring coming in the future. 11. Edy // November 5th 2013 Hi, I found this blog a few days ago as I was looking for some research into the Kenyan education system. You have done wonderful analysis. However, one correction to your information is that Swahili is not the predominant teaching tool for Nursery-Std 4 pupils. In fact, and to the contrary, English is widely used to instruct children because apart from Swahili, all other disciplines, Math and Science included cannot be feasibly administered in Swahili.12. John muema // November 7th 2013 these is true and i nerve impulse the government to employ more teachers 13. Agesa Akufa // November 9th 2013 This is a good, well researched and articulated work. just a point of correction, the kcpe marks total to 500 not 400. otherwise it is an impresive that will many researchers especially university st udents. if the government can take into account this piece of work then we should expect to see enormous steps taking root in the educational system. of course, steps to spin the country foward. i salute you 14. THOMAS ODENY //.